Transcript F02.ppt

1840 - 1860
A Clustering of
Innovation
Let the Clustering Begin!
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1841
1842
1840’s
1851
1850’s
1853
1856
Calotype (Talbot)
Cyanotype (Herschel)
Albumen (Talbot, Niepce, BlanquartEvard)
Collodion (Archer)
Ambrotype (Archer, Fry)
Tintype (Martin)
Oxymel (Llewelyn)
1841 - Calotype Process
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Positive/Negative process introduced by Fox
Talbot
Paper brushed with weak salt and silver nitrate
solution
Competed with the Daguerreotype
Calotype vs. Daguerreotype
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Advantages
– could make an unlimited number of prints
– retouching could be done on negative or print
– prints on paper were easier to examine, less delicate
– had warmer tones
Disadvantages
– arrested by patent restrictions
– materials less sensitive to light, longer exposure time
– imperfections of paper reduced quality
– process had two stages positive/negative, took longer
– prints tended to fade with time
1842 - Cyanotype
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Introduced by Sir John Herschel
Used iron salts instead of silver compounds
Highly stable
Brilliant blue images
Most popular around the turn of the century
Used for architectural blueprints
Late 1840’s - Albumen
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Introduced by Abel Niepce
Search to combine best of Daguerreotype and
Calotype
Albumen (the white of an egg) used as a binder on
glass
Fine detail, improved quality, but slow process time
Blanquart-Evrard took albumen and used it on paper
Process kept chemical “on the paper”, not in it which
produced finer detail and glossy
Some critics of the glossy image
1851 - Collodion
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Introduced by Frederick Scott Archer
Used gun cotton as a binding agent
Used glass plates, very sharp images, better
quality than Daguerreotype and Calotype
Difficult process and somewhat dangerous
Never patented, allowed further innovations to
spawn from it
1850’s - Ambrotype
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Introduced by Fred Scott Archer and Peter Fry
Inexpensive
No lateral reversal
Could be viewed from any angle
1853 - Tintype
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Introduced by Adolphe Alexandre Martin
Used enamelled tinplate instead of glass
One step process, no negative
Inexpensive
Robust
1856 - Oxymel
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Introduced by J. D. Llewelyn
One of the first “Dry” processes to be used
Illustrated Evening News hailed it as a
considerable advance
Negatives prepared in advance and later
developed at leisure