Transcript Document 7668698

BIOMASS ENERGY
presented by
Neo-Excretory Genesis
» Million Negassi
» Clement Law
5/25/2016
Allen Trac
Paul Lin
Gordon Lai
Weiming Li
1
Topics
• Methane generation from cows
• Methane generation from Human
• Number of people needed to generate enough
power for SLO
• Number of cows needed for methane generation
• Biomass related-diseases, odor and pollution
• Suggestions
5/25/2016
2
Overview of Biomass energy
• Biomass products have been used for thousands of
years to
• cook food
• keep households warm
• Sources of biomass:
• Animal waste
– Life stock-manure (Cows)
– Human-sludge
– organic component of municipal industrial wastes
• Wood and dry crop wastes are classified as biomass
derived fuels
• Firewood is still the most common form of fuel
5/25/2016
http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
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Overview of Biomass energy
• It accounts for 3% of energy production in
the U.S.
• Biomass is still the largest form of energy
available in the US
• It ranks second (to hydropower) in
renewable energy
5/25/2016
http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
4
Effects of Biomass energy
• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions
• Generates carbon dioxide as fossil fuels do
• But CO2 is removed when a tree is grown
• The net CO2 emission will be zero if plants are
grown for the purposes of biomass energy
• Planting a tree for each tree we cut is required
http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
5/25/2016
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Biomass Energy Applications
• Biofuels
Converting biomass into liquid fuels for
transportation
• Biopower
Burning biomass directly, or converting it into a
gaseous fuel or oil, to generate electricity
• Bioproducts
Converting biomass into chemicals for making
products that typically are made from petroleum
http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
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Biogas Production Tech
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Biogas (Digester gas)
• Mixture of gases
5/25/2016
http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas.shtml
http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/
RENEW/Biomass/biogas.shtml
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Typical Energy Production
900000
900000
800000
700000
600000
Btu /
500000
Cubic Foot 400000
300000
200000
100000
0
5/25/2016
600
Methane
850
Natural Gas
Gasoline
http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas.shtml
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Anaerobic Digesters
• Covered Lagoon Digester
– Manure storage lagoon with floating cover
– Liquid manure with < 3% solid
• Complete Mix Digester
– Heated tank above or below ground
– Large manure volume with solid concentration 3% ~ 10%
• Plug-Flow Digester
– Digester with mixing pit for water
– Ruminant animal manure with solid concentration 11% ~ 13 %
5/25/2016http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas.shtml
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Mix Above Ground Digester
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Mix Above Ground Digester Tank
•
•
•
•
•
Retention time of 20 days
Size = daily manure production X 20
More efficient than plug-flow system
Less effect from change in climate
Stable production
• Less effective than covered lagoon system
• More expensive $$$$$
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http://www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Components
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http://www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
Components
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http://www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Benefits
• Generate electricity
• Fuel for boiler, space heater, refrigeration
equipment
• Directly combust as a cooking and lighting
fuel
• Most equipment that use natural gas,
propane, or butane fuels can be modified
to operate on biogas.
5/25/2016
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Benefits
• Nearby green house could be heated with biogas
• Carbon dioxide from heater exhaust could enhance plant
growth
• Recovered digested solids may be used for animal
bedding
• Anaerobic digestion does not lower the total amount of
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the manure but
does increase the amount of ammonia nitrogen
• The manure effluent will have a higher nutrient
availability and plant uptake may be improved with
digestion
5/25/2016
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Benefits
• After digestion, compounds, which usually
produce odors, are greatly reduced
• Digester systems, properly designed and
operated, significantly reduce the odors
associated with manure storage and
distribution.
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Energy Requirements for
SLO County
Number of Households = 97,230
Number of People = 237,709
http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable
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237, 709
persons
 2.445
97, 230
household
•
Energy Requirements for
SLO County
Number of People per Household
237, 709
persons
 2.445
97, 230
household
•
12,133 kilowatt-hours of electricity
each year

kilowatt hours 
persons
Energy Use Per Household  12,133
2.445

person
year
household


kilowatt hours
 29,665
household year
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http://www.solarenergy.org/resources/energyfacts.html
Methane Production
System Considerations
Success Rates
• Covered Lagoons – 78%
• Plug Flow – 37%
• Mix Digesters – 30%
Choose to use covered lagoons due to
success rates
5/25/2016
http://ari.calpoly.edu/images/46740%20pub%201.doc
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Covered Lagoon Power Plants
•
•
•
How much energy can be produced from
each plant?
We’ll choose the one from Cal Poly
It produces 170,000 kWh / Plant*year
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How many power plants do we
need to power the county?
Energytot  29,665
Number of Plants 
5/25/2016
kilowatt hour
households
kilowatt hour
97, 230
 2.884 109
household
SLOcounty
SLOcounty
Energytot
Energy plant
kilowatt hour
Plant
SLOcounty

 16,967
kilowatt hour
SLOcounty
170,000
Plant
2.884 109
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Is such a system feasible?
• How many cows are required?
Cows plant
CowsSLO
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Cows
 200
plant
Plant
Cows
 Number of Plants Cows plant  16,967
200
SLOcounty
plant
Cows
 3,393, 400
SLOcounty
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Is such a system feasible?
•
•
•
•
•
We need 3,993,400 cow’s manure to supply
enough methane to power the county.
Does SLO county have that many cows?
Number of Cows in California = 1.3 Million
Not even California has enough cows to
supply enough manure for SLO county energy
production through methane.
I Guess not!
5/25/2016
http://www.cacheeseandbutter.org/mar98nws.htm
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Human Excretory System
Consideration
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How much sludge does a cow
produce?
• 1000 lb cow produces 80 lbs of sludge/day
lbs
days
lbs
Sludge  80
365
 29, 200
day cow
year
year cow
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http://www.nmdairy.org/faq1.htm
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How much sludge do we produce?
lbs
Sludge  2000
year human
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http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/18may_wastenot.htm
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Ratio of Cow Sludge to Human
Sludge
Sludgecow
29, 200 lbs

 14.6
Sludgehuman
2, 000 lbs
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How much sludge do we need to
produce?
HumansSLO  CowsSLO 14.6  3,393, 400
 54, 294, 400
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Cows
Humans
14.6
SLOcounty
Cows
Humans
SLOcounty
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Is this Human System Feasible?
• The Human population in California is:
33,871,648
• We need 54,294,400 humans to supply
enough methane to SLO county
http://www.classbrain.com/artstate/publish/article_1226.shtml
5/25/2016
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Current developing system
• In Corby, UK, Engineers have started to
develop the first human sludge power
generating system.
• It is based on a sewage works in
Northamptonshire.
• Every flush will count in the scheme to
provide 5,000 local homes and businesses
• Ideal for small communities
5/25/2016
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/933791.stm
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Current developing system
• Each unit has to be no bigger than two
Dutch barns.
• Expected cost is about ₤10 Million, or $18
Million
• It will be paid off within 10 years.
5/25/2016
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/933791.stm
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What can we do with the Sludge?
PROS
What can we do?
CONS
Put it in landfill
Cheap
Not sustainable. We will run out
of space. People don’t like it.
They are worried that things will
get into the water supply.
Burning and using the
energy produced.
This may be able to power the
sewage works and will become
cheaper as technology
develops.
Expensive at the moment.
People worry about gases
realized.
Putting on the land for
agriculture.
Long term benefits to soil
structure. Special rules govern
which crops can be treated and
how long to harvesting. The
public approve if it has been
well treated.
Not the cheapest option
Dumping at sea
5/25/2016
Banned
http://www.anglianwater.co.uk/index.php?sectionid=87&contentid=117
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Our Choice
Use Sludge to Produce Energy
•
•
•
•
Sustainable Energy makes sense for our
future
It will become cheaper as technology develops
Conventional sources of energy will become
more and more expensive
$millions = efforts to save the earth
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How long will it take to pay off?
Original Definitions
 P: monthly payment
 A: loan principal
 R: APR (annual percentage rate) / 12
Redefinitions
 P: $$ saved in energy per month
 A: cost to set up and build the system
 R: current prime rate / 12
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Actual Numbers (estimated)
Fibropower Limited’s project “Eye”
Project costs: ₤ 22 million
System power capacity: 12.7 Mega-watts
•
•
R = current prime rate / 12
= 6.0% / 12
= 0.005
A = cost of system
= ₤ 22 million
= $ 40.4 million
http://www.nfsn.com/library/prime.htm
5/25/2016
http://www.eprl.co.uk/assets/eye/detail.html
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Continued…
•
P = $$ saved by the system per month
= (energy generated per month) x
(conventional energy price)
– (operating costs + maintenance costs)
= (9.278 M-kwh) x ($0.12/kwh)
– ($9.278 M-kwh) x ($0.0675/kwh)
= $ 487,095 / month
http://www.eprl.co.uk/assets/eye/detail.html
5/25/2016 http://www.nrbp.org/papers/004.pdf
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The Results!!
= 995.63 months = 83 yrs
A and R are directly proportional to # of months to pay off;
P is inversely proportional to # of months to pay off.
Facts:
• It is expensive at the moment; A is large
• We use prime rate to estimate; R will vary
Conventional energy will approach shortage;
Technology will make the system more
economically
viable.

P
will
Increase
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Disadvantages
• cost
• environmental impact
• odor and disease
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Cost
• On average, more expensive than
conventional source of energy
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Environmental Impacts
• NOT emissions-free. They are known to emit
nitrogen and sulfur oxides, particulate matter,
carbon monoxide and ammonia
• only marginally effective at reducing problems
with odors, pathogens and greenhouse gas
emissions
• pose dangers to surrounding residents-leaking, emitting dangerous gases, and
threatening to overflow.
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Continued
• DOES NOT reduce quantity of manure
• Heavy metal and toxic materials could not
degrade by digester
• Manure used as fertilizer would bring
these danger materials to consumers
• Land use
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Risk Control
• promoting proper pollutant source control and
disposal of household and business hazardous
wastes
• assessing treated sewage sludge quality,
assuring appropriate land types and use for
application while verifying compatibility with
surrounding areas
• determining appropriate soil, landscape, and
crop or vegetative conditions for biosolids use
or restriction
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continued
• monitoring and overseeing transport,
storage, application and land use during
and after application.
• limiting harvest or grazing until
appropriate time periods have elapsed.
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Odor Control
•
•
•
Siting—1 mile minimum & downwind
from neighbors, land base adequate for
manure disposal, good soil drainage, and
visibility.
Frequent flushing or scraping.
Solid separation; keep solid stockpiles
dry and preferably covered or compost
them.
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continued
•
•
•
•
•
5/25/2016
Lagoon type—aerobic lagoons produce less
odor than anaerobic lagoons.
Lagoon covers.
Windbreaks to reduce airflow across
lagoons.
Proper maintenance of the facility inside
and out.
Applying manure when the wind is calm and
incorporating the manure as soon as
possible.
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Conclusion
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Possible solutions
(Nuclear Energy)
• Uranium:
• Uranium can be extracted from seawater or earth’s crust
• It can be extracted from seawater at less than $1000 per
pound
• Considers $200-400 per pound the best estimate.
• In terms of fuel cost per million BTU, he gives (uranium at
$400 per pound 1.1 cents , coal $1.25, OPEC oil $5.70,
natural gas $3-4.)
5/25/2016
•http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.htm
48
Nuclear Energy
• Deposition and energy yield:
• Rivers bring more uranium that is 3.2x10^4 tons/yr
• we can extract 16,000 tons/yr of uranium from
seawater
• It would supply 25 times the world's present
electricity usage
•
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.html
5/25/2016
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Nuclear Energy
• Availability
• Seawater contains 3.3x10^(-9) (3.3 parts per
billion) of uranium
• So the 1.4x10^18 tons of seawater contains
4.6x10^9 tons of uranium
• All the world's electricity usage, 650GWe could
therefore be supplied by the uranium in seawater
for 7 million years
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.html
5/25/2016
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Nuclear Energy
• It can yield twice the world's present total energy
• The supply would last for 5 billion years with a
withdrawal rate of 6,500 tons/yr
• The crust contains 6.5x10^13 tons of uranium.
5/25/2016
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.html
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Solar Power
• Powering with solar energy tower
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End
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