Transcript Document 7495310

A Brief History
of Microprocessors
Lecture L12.0
Bell Labs Museum
The First
Point-Contact
Transistor
1947
Bell Labs
The First
Junction Transistor
1951
M1752
Outside the Lab
Lab model
Texas Instrument’s First IC -- 1958
Jack Kilby
Robert Noyce
Fairchild
Intel
1965: PDP-8
first mass-produced Mini
Electronics, Volume 38, Number 8, April 19, 1965
Moore's Law
(As predicted by Gordon E. Moore in 1965)
Transistors
10000
100
1
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
Year
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
10000
Moore's Law
(Doubling every 2 years)
1000
Transistors (in millions)
100
16M
Pentium 4
4M
10
Pentium II
1M
486
Pentium
1
64K
Memory
286
Microprocessor
0.1
8080
0.01
0.001
1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Year
Moore’s law
• Wow
– This growth rate is hard to imagine, most people
underestimate
– How many ancestors do you have from 20
generations ago
• i.e., roughly how many people alive in the 1500’s did
it take to make you?
• 220 = more than 1 million people
Graphical illustration of Moore’s
law
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
10,000
transistors
150,000,000
transistors
Leading edge
chip in 1981
Leading edge
chip in 2002
• Something that doubles frequently grows more
quickly than most people realize!
– A 2002 chip can hold about 15,000 1981 chips inside
itself
This year’s transistors are just twice
the size of a virus
Nick Tredennick
Gilder Technology Report
1968 – Apollo Guidance Computer
A Typical Computer System
MEMORY
RAM
INPUT
(Keyboard)
ROM
CPU
(8086 Microprocessor)
EXTERNAL
STORAGE
(Disks)
OUTPUT
(Screen)
Some Microprocessors
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intel 4004
Intel 8080
Motorola 6800
MOS Technology 6502
Intel 8088/8086
Motorola 6809
Motorola 68000
Intel Pentium
Table 1.2
History of Microprocessors
Date
1971
1972
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1978
1979
1979
1979
1979
1981
Microprocessor
Intel 4004
Intel 8008
Intel 8080
Motorola 6800
MOS Technology 6502
Motorola 6802
Motorola 6801
Intel 8086/8088
Motorola 68000
Motorola 68701
Motorola 6805
Motorola 6809
IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Comment
First microprocessor (4 bits)
First 8-bit microprocessor
5 volts only (1 MHz)
Used in Apple II, PET, Atari
128-byte internal RAM
Single-chip microcomputer
40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)
68,000 Transistors
MCU_EPROM–I/O
Low-cost microcontroller
Used in TRS-80 color computer
Intel 4004
source: Computer Museum
Table 1.2
History of Microprocessors
Date
1971
1972
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1978
1979
1979
1979
1979
1981
Microprocessor
Intel 4004
Intel 8008
Intel 8080
Motorola 6800
MOS Technology 6502
Motorola 6802
Motorola 6801
Intel 8086/8088
Motorola 68000
Motorola 68701
Motorola 6805
Motorola 6809
IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Comment
First microprocessor (4 bits)
First 8-bit microprocessor
5 volts only (1 MHz)
Used in Apple II, PET, Atari
128-byte internal RAM
Single-chip microcomputer
40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)
68,000 Transistors
MCU_EPROM–I/O
Low-cost microcontroller
Used in TRS-80 color computer
January 1975
cover of
Popular Electronics
http://www.blinkenlights.com/pc.shtml
The 8080 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip
• Developed by Intel in 1974
• 16 Address Lines
– Can address 216 = 64 Kbytes of memory
• 8 Data Lines
• Required +5V, +12V and -5V
• First microprocessor to become widely used
The 8080 Microprocessor
PSW
A
C
E
L
B
D
H
SP
PC
Program Status Word
Primary Accumulator
Secondary Accumlators/
Data Counters
Stack Pointer
Program Counter
Table 1.2
History of Microprocessors
Date
1971
1972
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1978
1979
1979
1979
1979
1981
Microprocessor
Intel 4004
Intel 8008
Intel 8080
Motorola 6800
MOS Technology 6502
Motorola 6802
Motorola 6801
Intel 8086/8088
Motorola 68000
Motorola 68701
Motorola 6805
Motorola 6809
IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Comment
First microprocessor (4 bits)
First 8-bit microprocessor
5 volts only (1 MHz)
Used in Apple II, PET, Atari
128-byte internal RAM
Single-chip microcomputer
40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)
68,000 Transistors
MCU_EPROM–I/O
Low-cost microcontroller
Used in TRS-80 color computer
The 6800 Microprocessor
•
•
•
•
40-pin chip
Developed by Motorola in 1975
16 address lines and 8 data lines
Used only +5V
The 6800 Microprocessor
Registers
A
B
X
PC
SP
CC
Accumulator A
Accumulator B
Index register X
Program counter
Stack pointer
Condition code register
1978 – Industrial Holographics
Table 1.2
History of Microprocessors
Date
1971
1972
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1978
1979
1979
1979
1979
1981
Microprocessor
Intel 4004
Intel 8008
Intel 8080
Motorola 6800
MOS Technology 6502
Motorola 6802
Motorola 6801
Intel 8086/8088
Motorola 68000
Motorola 68701
Motorola 6805
Motorola 6809
IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Comment
First microprocessor (4 bits)
First 8-bit microprocessor
5 volts only (1 MHz)
Used in Apple II, PET, Atari
128-byte internal RAM
Single-chip microcomputer
40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)
68,000 Transistors
MCU_EPROM–I/O
Low-cost microcontroller
Used in TRS-80 color computer
The 6502 Microprocessor
•
•
•
•
•
40-pin chip
Developed by MOS Technology, Inc. in 1976
16 address lines and 8 data lines
Based on the Motorola 6800
Used in many home computers including the
– Apple II
– Commodore PET
– Atari
The 6502 Microprocessor
Registers
A
X
Y
PC
SP
Status
Accumulator
Index register X
Index register Y
Program counter
Stack pointer
Status register
Table 1.2
History of Microprocessors
Date
1971
1972
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1978
1979
1979
1979
1979
1981
Microprocessor
Intel 4004
Intel 8008
Intel 8080
Motorola 6800
MOS Technology 6502
Motorola 6802
Motorola 6801
Intel 8086/8088
Motorola 68000
Motorola 68701
Motorola 6805
Motorola 6809
IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Comment
First microprocessor (4 bits)
First 8-bit microprocessor
5 volts only (1 MHz)
Used in Apple II, PET, Atari
128-byte internal RAM
Single-chip microcomputer
40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)
68,000 Transistors
MCU_EPROM–I/O
Low-cost microcontroller
Used in TRS-80 color computer
Time's Man
of the Year
(1982)
The 8088/8086 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip
• Developed by Intel in 1978
• 20 address lines
– Can address 220 = 1 Mbyte of memory
• 8/16 multiplexed data lines in 8088/8086
• 8088 used in the first IBM PC in 1981
8086 Registers
AX
AH
AL
BX
BH
BL
CX
CH
CL
DX
DH
DL
Source
Destination
SI
DI
Base
BP
Stack
SP
Instruction
IP
SF
Code
CS
Data
DS
Extra
ES
Stack
SS
General Registers
Index Registers
Pointer Regsiters
Status Flags
Segment Registers
Computing 20-Bit Address
16-bit segment address
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
+
16-bit offset address
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
20-bit actual or effective address
Segment address
4B49
Offset address + 492D
Actual address
4FDBD
8086 Segments
00000
CS
Segment address
Code
Segment
Data
Segment
DS
Offset addresses
within segment
ES
1 Mbyte
Extra
Segment
SS
Stack
Segment
64 Kbyte segment
FFFFF
Table 1.2
History of Microprocessors
Date
1971
1972
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1978
1979
1979
1979
1979
1981
Microprocessor
Intel 4004
Intel 8008
Intel 8080
Motorola 6800
MOS Technology 6502
Motorola 6802
Motorola 6801
Intel 8086/8088
Motorola 68000
Motorola 68701
Motorola 6805
Motorola 6809
IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Comment
First microprocessor (4 bits)
First 8-bit microprocessor
5 volts only (1 MHz)
Used in Apple II, PET, Atari
128-byte internal RAM
Single-chip microcomputer
40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)
68,000 Transistors
MCU_EPROM–I/O
Low-cost microcontroller
Used in TRS-80 color computer
The 6809 Microprocessor
•
•
•
•
•
40-pin chip
Developed by Motorola in 1979
16 address lines and 8 data lines
Used in the Radio Shack Color Computer
Widely used in industrial controllers
Radio Shack Color Computer
The 6809 Microprocessor
Registers
A
B
X
Y
S
U
PC
DP
CC
Accumulator A:B = D
Index register X
Index register Y
System stack pointer
User stack pointer
Program counter
Direct page register
Condition code register
Table 1.2
History of Microprocessors
Date
1971
1972
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1978
1979
1979
1979
1979
1981
Microprocessor
Intel 4004
Intel 8008
Intel 8080
Motorola 6800
MOS Technology 6502
Motorola 6802
Motorola 6801
Intel 8086/8088
Motorola 68000
Motorola 68701
Motorola 6805
Motorola 6809
IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Comment
First microprocessor (4 bits)
First 8-bit microprocessor
5 volts only (1 MHz)
Used in Apple II, PET, Atari
128-byte internal RAM
Single-chip microcomputer
40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)
68,000 Transistors
MCU_EPROM–I/O
Low-cost microcontroller
Used in TRS-80 color computer
The 68000 Microprocessor
• 64-pin chip
• Developed by Motorola in 1979
• 24 address lines
– Can address 224 = 16 Mbytes of memory
• 16 data lines
• Used in the original Macintosh Computer
1984 -- Apple MACINTOSH 128
1986 -- Apple MACINTOSH Plus
The 68000 MicroprocessorRegisters
31
31
16 15
16 15
8 7
0
0
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Data
Registers
A0
A1
Address
A2
A3
Registers
A4
A5
A6
A7 A7’
Program Counter
Status/CCR
Table 1.2
History of Microprocessors
Date
1981
1982
1982
1984
1984
1985
1986
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1992
1997
Microprocessor
IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Motorola 68010
Motorola 68008
Intel 80286
Motorola 68020
Motorola 68HC11
Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz
Intel 80386
Motorola 68030
Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz
Intel 80486
Intel 80486
Intel Pentium
Motorola 68HC12
Comment
10 MHz, 130,000 transistors
32-Bit address and data busses
Integrated Microcontroller
16 MHz, 275,000 transistors
25 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors
50 MHz
4,000,000 Transistors
Enhanced 68HC11
Intel Microprocessors
•
•
•
•
•
•
8086 -- 40-pin DIP (dual in-line package)
80286 -- 68-pin PGA (pin grid array)
80386DX -- 132-pin PGA
80486DX -- 168-pin PGA
The Pentium -- 237-pin PGA
The Pentium Pro -- 387-pin PGA
80486DX -- 168-pin PGA
Some Intel Microprocessors
Part
Data Bus Width
8048
8
8051
8
8085A
8
8086
16
8088
8
8096
16
80186
16
80188
8
80251
8
80286
16
80386EX
16
80386DX
32
80386SL
16
80386SLC
16
80386SX
16
80486DX/DX2
32
80486SX
32
80486DX4
32
Pentium
64
Pentium Overdrive (P24T)32
Pentium Pro processor
64
Memory Size
2K internal
8K internal
64K
1M
1M
8K internal
1M
1M
16K internal
16M
64M
4G
32M
32M + 1 K cache
16M
4G + 8K cache
4G + 8K cache
4G + 16K cache
4G + 16K cache
4G + 16K cache
64G + 16K Ll cache
+ 256K L2 cache
The 8086 Pentium Pro
Registers
The Segment Register in the Protected Mode
The Descriptor Formats
Base address = starting location of memory segment
Limit = last offset address in segment
G = granularity bit
G = 0: Limit is length of 1 to 1M bytes
G = 1: Limit is any multiple of 4K bytes
Note: 220 x 4K = 220 x 212 = 232 = 4G bytes
DS register accesses
memory locations
100000H-1000FFH
Table 1.2
History of Microprocessors
Date
1981
1982
1982
1984
1984
1985
1986
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1992
1997
Microprocessor
IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Motorola 68010
Motorola 68008
Intel 80286
Motorola 68020
Motorola 68HC11
Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz
Intel 80386
Motorola 68030
Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz
Intel 80486
Intel 80486
Intel Pentium
Motorola 68HC12
Comment
10 MHz, 130,000 transistors
32-Bit address and data busses
Integrated Microcontroller
16 MHz, 275,000 transistors
25 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors
50 MHz
4,000,000 Transistors
Enhanced 68HC11
1985 – Motorola introduces the
68HC11 microcontroller
RAM
CPU
ROM/
EPROM
EEPROM
68HC11
A/D
TIMER
PARALLEL
I/O
SPI
SCI
1997 – Motorola introduces the
68HC12/HCS12 microcontroller
RAM
CPU12
FLASH
EEPROM
EEPROM
68HC12/HCS12
A/D
TIMER
PARALLEL
I/O
SPI
Additional PWM and CAN interfaces
SCI
The 68HC12(11) Registers
Accum ulator A
A
B
Accum ulator D
D
Inde x register X
IX
Inde x register Y
IY
Sta ck Pointer
SP
Pro gra m counter
PC
S XH IN ZV C
Accum ulator B
C ondition code register
Develops WHYP –
a subroutine-threaded
Forth for the 68HC12
Chuck Moore,
the inventor of
Forth, reading
Haskell’s
WHYP book
Some Current Microcontrollers
PIC16F84 Microcontroller
OOPic Microcontroller
Microcontroller: JStamp
JSTAMP
RAM
FLASH
RAM
JSTAMP
CPU
TIMERS
DUAL
UARTS
•
•
•
•
•
JStamp
Real-Time Native Java
512 KByte SRAM
512 KByte flash
73 MHz External Clock
Cost:
•
•
•
•
•
SPI
JStamp+
Real-Time Native Java
512 KByte SRAM
2048 KByte flash
73 MHz External Clock
Cost:
$119.00
1-4
$149.00
1-4
$109.00
5-9
$144.00
5-9
$99.00
10-99
$139.00
10-99
MPC555 – 32-bit Microcontroller
MPC5200 Block Diagram
CML-5282 Low Cost
Development System
Low cost Coldfire module w/ Ethernet
Axiom Mfg.
$199.00
www.axman.com
CSE 480 Senior Design
• Each group of 3 or 4 students designed a
model car that simulated an automated
highway system by following a black tape
on the floor
• Design should be suitable for a sophomore
design course.
Project “Autobahn”
Final Presentation
Philipp
CSE 480, Fall 2003
Sam
Michael
Daniel
Lonce
Vehicle (~$25)
Microcontroller: JStamp
•
•
•
•
•
JStamp
Real-Time Native Java
512 KByte SRAM
512 KByte flash
73 MHz External Clock
Cost:
•
•
•
•
•
JStamp+
Real-Time Native Java
512 KByte SRAM
2048 KByte flash
73 MHz External Clock
Cost:
$119.00
1-4
$149.00
1-4
$109.00
5-9
$144.00
5-9
$99.00
10-99
$139.00
10-99
Modifications
Sophomore Design Class
Automated Highway Simulation
Group 2:
Jeremy Sletten
Patrick Murphy
Michael Olson
Randa Ibrahim
Final Chassis Design
•The original tracks
created too much
tension on the motors
•The chassis was
redesigned to drive
solely from the wheels
on the motors
•A third, center-mounted
pivoting castor was
added to improve
support, without causing
drag when turning
Line Following Algorithm
Vehicle State Operation
Straight
010
Continue on
in normal
operation.
Line Following Algorithm
Vehicle State
Operation
A little to the
left
011
Turn slightly
to the right
Line Following Algorithm
Vehicle State
Operation
A lot to the left Turn more to
the right
001
Line Following Algorithm
Vehicle State Operation
Off the track
to either the
left or right
000
Check
against
previous
state to see
which side
the car is off
of. Turn back
hard in the
opposite
direction.
The Minerva Project
Jeremiah F. Cowden
Carolin L. Karim
Jason H. Kummerl
Rachel A. Schaefer
Matthew P. Spahr
Final Presentation
December 12, 2003
CSE 480
Senior Design
Dr. Richard E. Haskell
The Minerva Project
OOPic
The Minerva Project
Real Picture of Car
Highway Automation Simulation Kit Electronically Locating Lines
Presented by G4:
Erik Church
Steve Nyquist
Michael Grady
Jennifer Miller
The Motorola MC9S12DP256
Chip on the Axiom CML12SDP256 Board
Overall Schematic
Inside IR Sensors
Distance Sensor
Outside IR Sensors
ATD00
ATD01
ATD02
ATD10
ATD11
ATD12
ATD13
ATD14
ATD15
Horn (Buzzer)
Servo
ESC
Blinkers
PJ0
PWM4&5
PWM0&1
PWM2
PWM3
The Race