Transcript 3/27 Notes
3/27 Notes Cultural Geography Quiz 3: End of Class Pick up all old work First---finishing up last lecture Spanish & Mexican SW 1 More Spanish Explorers of the Southwest • Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino – 1692-1711 – Reached Tucson – Jesuit – Technology – Livestock – Agriculture What did he see? 2 Spanish Presidios • Military Forts • Protection – Indian Raiding • Livestock (cattle, horses) abundant • Farming nearby • Tucson, Tubac, El Paso • Ended in 1821. 3 Spanish Missions • San Xavier del Bac (White Dove of the Desert) – Kino 1692 – 1770s rebuilt by Franciscans – Just SW of Tucson – Still active church – Still active farming • Tumacácori. http://www.smrc-missiontours.com/ 4 ***Big Pont*** European Native American Exchange • • • • • • • • Cattle, Horses Sheep, Goats, Pigs Citrus, Figs Metal tools Guns Distilled Alcohol Epidemic Diseases Writing 5 *****Big Point***** Native American European Exchange • • • • • • • Corn Beans Squash Turkey Chili Pepper Tomatillo Sunflower • • • • • • • Walnut Acorn Mesquite Bean Agave Pine Nut Amaranth Chocolate 6 1800s Historical Dates • • • • Mexican Independence Mexican-American War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Gadsden Purchase 1821 1846 1848 1854******* 7 Today’s Topics Athapaskans in the Southwest • Includes Navajo and Apache • Where they came from, when • Early life ways, history, modern times Focus on environment interactions – Leave most of the human issues for other courses 8 Athapaskans in 1900 How to Connect North and South? Navajo Apache • • • • Where and When Linguistically ‒ Athapaskan (Navajo and Apache) Migration started ~1000-1500 years ago • Glottochronology Crossed many environments SW arrival:1400s 10 • • • • • • • Glottochronology Study of language divergence Language starts with a basic vocabulary People, languages split apart Words replaced at a constant rate?? With time, a language splits into two If replacement rate is known, date of common language can be determined (not precise dates) Ex: Lune (L.) = Monday – Fr.: Lundi, Sp. = Lunes 11 White River Ash • East lobe: 1250 bp – 1000 km long, thick – May have triggered dispersal of 500+ people • North lobe: 1890 bp – Smaller, but still catastrophic 12 The Athapaskan Entry: 3 Models • Late Entry High Plains Route (Post-1525) • Early Entry via the Great Basin (Pre-1400) • Early Entry via an Intermountain Route (A.D. 1400-1450) 13 Late Entry High Plains Hypothesis Black Hills: AD 1200 Black Hills High Plains Dinetah Pecos Pueblo Querechos High Plains Drought? AD 1250-1450 Pecos—Ref by Coronado Early Entry Great Basin Hypothesis Promontory Gray ceramics Promontory AD 1000 Dinetah AD1400 Early Entry Mountain Route AD900?? Navajo Oral Traditions Navajo plant/ animal names AD1200?? Dinetah AD1400 Early sites (1541) ONLY in Dinetah Ancestral Navajo Homeland • NW New Mexico, Dinétah • Farming, hunting, gathering, traiding, raiding 17 Early Navajo Forked-pole Hogans Forked-pole hogans enable tree-ring dating Same structure type used til 20th century Same site layout Earliest Dates mid1500s 18 Pueblitos • Built 1710—1755 • Small masonry rooms with great views • Conflict with Utes. 19 Navajo Depopulation of Dinetah “A severe drought which began in about 1730 had major impact on the Navajos by 1748… This drought and … appear to have caused the southern and western migration of Navajo Populatuions and…their abandonment of the Dinetah” Marshall 1995:203; see also Reeve 1958:20 But did it?????? 20 Navajo Depopulation of Dinetah 1749 1748 21 Navajo Expansion out of Dinetah Navajo Nation (current) Dinetah 22 Navajo Transition to Pastoralism After Dinetah is depopulated Expansion West–San Juan Basin, etc.– better 23 grasslands--- Why???? Long Walk to Ft. Sumner (Bosque Redondo) • 250-400 miles • East bank of Pecos River • Now a state monument 24 Impossible Environmental Conditions • • • • 9,000 people: mostly Navajo, some Apache Perhaps 10,000 acres, 4,000 farmable Pecos water unpalatable (salt: 3-6 ppt) Riparian woodland quickly depleted 25 Unfortunate Timing Climatically • Early 1860s drought • Crops failed and/or plagued with pests • Thousands died 26 Return to Pastoralism • Sheep, goat numbers skyrocket and fluctuate • Exceed carrying capacity (600,000), stripped vegetation • 1930s: US enforced stock reduction – From ~1,300,000 to 400,000 sheep – Another disaster. 27 Carrying Capacity • Maximum stocking rate possible while maintaining range resources – How many sheep can graze on this land • How to determine? – Measure forage production: lbs./year•ac – Measure nutritional demand: lbs./year•animal – Divide production/demand = # animals/ac • Can be applied to all species, at all scales. 100 lb. animal year 10 animals acre year 10 lb. acre 28 • Western Apache: – Former Mogollon country • Lifeways: – Hunting – Gathering – Farming Current W. Apache lands • Ethnographic case study (Archaic?). 29 Hunters and Gatherers • Gathering – Agave – Mesquite – Cactus Fruits – Grass Seeds – Pine Nuts • Hunting – Deer – Antelope – Rabbits – Squirrels – Rodents – Birds 30 Apache Wikiup: Minimalist Housing •Pole frame, hide and vegetation covering • Allowed seasonal migration: hunting, gathering 31 Novel Twist on Apache Farming • Late spring planting • When corn 1.5 feet tall (before monsoons): – Water final time, then leave – Gather acorns, nuts, etc. • Send someone back to see if corn made it • Come back in fall to harvest • Dubbed “casual farming” • Might be recent analog to late Archaic. 32 Agave Harvest • Could be collected most of the year • Good for many food items 33 Peeled Trees • Strip off bark • Eat inner bark cambium • Emergency food vs. consistent behavior? 34 • Increment core the tree • Crossdate pre-scar ring growth • Upper Gila example: six peelings date to 1865, an emergency year (US Army) 35 Athapaskan Summary • Migration from North • 1400s arrival? • Depopulation NOT Environmental • Transition to Pastoralism NOT Environmental • Strategic Subsistence Systems 36