IIT Madras

Ashok Jhunjhunwala, IIT Madras [email protected]

COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 1

      Area – 3,287,263 Square kilometers Population (2007) – 1.13

Billion 22 National Recognized Languages Literacy Rate (2007) – 65% GDP: 1171 Billion USD Average Annual Growth Rate ◦ Population – 1.6% (slowing) ◦ GDP >9%

Trade

Exports (US$ billion) Imports (US$ billion) Top 3 export markets Top 3 import partners 159 240 US (13%) UAE (10%) China (7%) China (11%) Saudi Arabia (8%) UAE (6%)

Source : FICCI/ Exim bank

COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 2

     One of the fastest growing economies in Asia.

Annual GDP growth rate of >9% over next 5-10 years Set to emerge as 3rd largest economy in the world by 2020 Major global hub for IT & IT enabled services By 2010 – ◦ ◦ ◦ Literacy Rate: 80% Middle Class: 32% (exploding) Poverty: 16% (declining) COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 3

 ◦

Growing at 10 million lines per month

Largest telecom market in the world   ◦

But India was struggling lines in 1994 at under 10 million

Growing at 1 million per year

300

What happened?

◦ ◦    Liberalization of Telecom Wireless technology Reduce CAPEX Fast build-up Low maintenance cost / OPEX  Affordable tariff

250 200 150 100 50 4 0 2001 7 2002 Subscribers in million 13 2003 33 2004 51 2005 97 2006 158 270 2007 Apr-08

TCOE Workshop 29 April 2020 4

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0.09

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0

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0.02

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India has done well as a Design House today TCOE Workshop 29 April 2020 6

◦     Systems Telecom MNCs design in India Indian companies excel in providing design services  Sasken, Wipro Infosys, TCS, Tata LXI, Hughes Telecom Start-ups (Beeceem and Telsima) sets their deign teams Indian Product companies emerge (Tejas, Midas) ◦    Semiconductors More of semiconductor development in India by MNC  TI, ADI Indian start-ups emerging (Cosmic, Redpine) Multiple companies continue to provide design services TCOE Workshop 29 April 2020 7

2005 • Telecom Consumer √√√√ • Telecom Operator √√√√ 2009 • Telecom MVNO √ • Telecom Design House √√√ 2013 • Telecom Product House √√ • Technology Leaders √ COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 8

Short-term goal of making royalty outflow negligible TCOE Workshop 29 April 2020 9

 Except to a small extent from ◦ Tejas Networks, Midas Communications, Telsima  Who own IPR for their products  IPR price for GSM (infrastructure / handset) even at this late stage of technology ◦ Would be estimated at USD 15 per line ◦  Embedded in price of components, systems, software More for other systems  Seriously impacts CAPEX investment requirements and bottom line for operators  Typically royalty outflows from a country  four essential IPR in a standard can neutralize the Would still require business aspects to be sorted out TCOE Workshop 29 April 2020 10

 India takes an initiative three years ago ◦ to create a public-private organization Center of Excellence in Wireless Technology  Initially funded Government: industry = 2:1     To be Lead by Academia Attract top R&D talent from around the world Drive Research towards IPR creation Create a cluster of Industrial R&D around it

Broadband Wireless Consortium of India

and CEWiT initiates set up of Broadband Wireless Consortium of India (BWCI) ◦  Telecom operators, Academia, Government / Regulators, Product Industry, Semiconductor Industry To define and drive R&D and standardization to make India leader in wireless technology COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 11

 Bring together wireless industry stake-holders  align their pre-competitive R&D efforts ◦ Involve all IITs/IISc in the IPR-driven research effort  Focus on Next Generation Standards ◦ Feed Indian requirements wireless Standards bodies and specifications in International ◦  Conduct mission-oriented research towards IPR for 4G Focus on Indian requirements (high system capacity) ◦ Early technology trials industry of Indian-made prototypes along with ◦ Work with licensing regulators to anticipate issues related to spectrum / COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 12

IEEE802.16

m WiMAX Sep 2007

4 G

3GPP LTE (rel. 8) 2Q08 3Q08 3GPP LTE -A 3GPP2 UMB 1Q08 Circular letter 3Q08 Initial proposals IMT-Adv Oct 2009 deadline COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 13

 CeWiT+Broadband Wireless Consortium of India ( BWCI ) ◦ ◦ Developed by Operators’ subgroup of BWCI BWCI released document in Sept 2007  Highlights important points of departure from international requirements ◦ ◦ ◦ Primary broadband connection for the masses  Not just an additional mobility tool Need sustained > 512 kbps per user At mobile phone cost point  ◦ ◦ Indian cellular ecosystem is different ◦ Urban cells ~ 200 – 800 m radius ; rural ~ 15 km ◦ Spectrum per operator tight  Severely interference-limited 85% users need nomadic and in-building 1:1 re-use  coverage an issue COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 14

 ◦ ◦ Dense Urban (Case: Mumbai) ◦ 70% of 16M people: 600 sq Km ~3733 households per sq km ~50% wireless internet subscribers ◦  ~ 1866 wireless internet/sq km cell radius = 0.75 km ◦  ~ 3300 subscribers/cell Assuming 5 competitive operators  660 subscribers/operator/cell  ◦ ◦ Urban (Case: Pune) ◦ 70% of 4.2M people: 400 sq Km ~1470 households per sq km ~ 60% wireless internet subscribers ◦  ~ 882 wireless internet/sq km cell radius = 1 km ◦  ~ 2800 subscribers/cell Assuming 5 competitive operators i  ~560 subscribers/operator/cell   Typical scenarios evaluated by Indian operators Technology must have sufficient coverage (up to 3 km) within regulatory constraints without capacity loss Wireless technology needs to support 500 to 800 Broadband subscribers /operator / cell BWCI

Broadband Wireless Consortium of India

Service

Internet browsing

Features

DSL or cable modem quality Individual peak rate ~1Mbps Average (incl read time) 64kbps DL/16 kbps UL

Mobility Class

Portable / Mobile Peak rate when mobile could be somewhat lower Video multicast 25/30 frames per second, normal sized screen (640 x 480) 2-3 hrs of continuous feed @ 750 kbps – 1.5 Mbps (MPEG 4) Portable Real-time Interactive Classroom/Video Conferencing Bursty, lower frame-rate acceptable, 1hr/1.5hr sessions 64 256 kbps Computing / Thin clients Always on 512 kbps DL / 256 kbps UL sustained Portable Portable / Nomadic File transfer / conferencing uploads Low frame rate acceptable, delay acceptable Short sessions of few minutes 64 -256 kbps Portable / Nomadic Mobility optional Background trickle (Audio, ticker broadcast etc) 20-30kbps Portable / Mobile

time 512 kbps 1 Mbps COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 17

 India Requirements presented to ◦ 802.16m in Sept 2007 ◦ LTE-A in April 2008

Frequency re-use 1:1

 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Both bodies have included India-specific requirements 85% users nomadic, in-building: Cell-edge users camp at cell-edge Cell-edge user also needs >512 kbps  Without consuming all the spectrum resource Cells as small as 200m radius: Increases cell-edge area In-building users distributed vertically  Stronger interference at higher floors (not captured in typical path loss models) Large rural cells COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 18

 CEWiT’s focus : ◦

significant improvement in cell-edge performance

With modest complexity in terminal  CEWiT responsible for focus on nomadic, cell edge user in LTE-A and 802.16m

 Several proposals in both standards Vision:

Make 4G (starting with 3G) do for broadband in India what 2G did for telephony



New 2-D Phase Offset Diversity (2D POD) Scheme for 2-antenna and 4-antenna BTSs

◦  Better than existing Alamouti code for cell-edge in terms of receiver implementation Can suppress interference from neighboring BTSs with no additional complexity ◦  Included in 802.16m SDD Text detailed algorithm being incorporated in standard COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 20

 Conjugate Data Repetition (CDR) + 2D POD for cell edge downlink data ◦ Equivalent to 1:2 re-use for select users ◦ Better than 1:3 available now  Can suppress 1 - 4 interferers at 0 – 9 dB  Gives cell-edge performance much better than current target ◦ Target kept low by vendors (resisted by operators) ◦ Low target is a problem for Indian requirements  In principle acceptance for 802.16m SDD text COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 21

 Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation (ICIC) ◦ Low bit-rate, low latency links between neighboring BTSs used to implement BTS co-operation  Baseline for 802.16m and LTE-A is 2-antenna subscriber terminal ◦ Combination of BTS co-operation and receiver processing to suppress up to 2 significant interferers (neighboring BTSs)  Ensures 1:1 re-use for nomadic cell edge users ◦ ◦ Needs channel information feedback from user terminals Mobile users can use 1:2 re-use CDR+POD ◦ Framework for ICIC implementation already in 802.16m as well as LTE COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 22

    Better preamble for synchronization Orthogonal pilots with PN cover Pilot density reduction targeting low-mobility situation ◦ Will result into higher payload Relays for Coverage extension as well as data rate enhancement  CeWiT supported by Indian Operators ◦ Also supported by Indian design house like TCS ◦ As well as Indian operation of multinational companies like Samsung India COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 23



Significant IPR created by CEWiT towards 4G



Overall goals of International standards bodies aligned with Indian requirements

 Focus on cell edge, interference, nomadic users is due to India ◦   802.16m

At least two essential Indian contributions introduces in standards Two more essential contributions under consideration ◦  LTE-A Four Indian contributions (essential category) in study phase TCOE Workshop 29 April 2020 24



BWCI Working Group IV formed in 1Q08

◦ ◦ Mostly India-centric agenda Some issues may need liason with 3GPP SA WG / Wimax Forum / NGN Forum / IEEE Ethernet  ◦ ◦ ◦

Agenda for 2009

◦ Evolved IP Services Layer 3 Radio Protocols Packet Transport Networks and Evolution Indian language support on terminals   Efficient character-set for SMS Standard keypad layout COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 25

status 2008-09 2008-09 2008-10 2009-10 Activity Spell out our requirements clearly Participate in standards process Feed research to standards Build technology demonstrators Key participants operators, govt.

CEWiT + Operators CEWiT + other members (TCS, Samsung,…) vendors, semicon. cos., IT industry govt., CEWiT, operators Multi-standard co-existence and spectrum utilization Core Network Study Groups Conduct field trials: likely participation of Israeli REMON 802..16m trial, and of trial German EASY-C in consortium in LTE-A Operators , vendors, IT industry tech. demonstrator team, host operators , CEWiT COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 26

Profitability Cell phone in each village Broadband to each home TCOE Workshop 29 April 2020 27

 As telecom subscribers grow rapidly ◦ ◦  Additions largely from tier 2 towns and rural areas Falling Average Revenue per month ( ARPU ) USD 4 per month  Lower CAPEX and OPEX  Lowest cost next generation broadband wireless network     Significant ARPU to neutralize royalty outflow Design and Manufacturing in India Reduce cost of equipment  Neutralize royalty outflow Power Supply for Base Station dominate OPEX  More Services   to drive ARPU New voice based services Mobile Payments TCOE Workshop 29 April 2020 28

Network Trends Converged Networks- for Voice & Data Increasing tele-density and driving 2G to 3G/4G evolution New business services (Ethernet/virtual private lines) High capacity needs of Internet 2.0, Triple play etc.

Operator Needs Lower CapEx Lower OpEx Future-proof, converged network Maximize the usage of current infrastructure Invest incrementally on existing network Common, intelligent NMS: quick service turnup Lower Inventory cost (spares) Low power consumption Tejas Focus Next-gen SONET/SDH & Carrier Ethernet Products Enable Operators to build cost-effective, scalable networks with the lowest Total Cost of Ownership COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 29

BTS 2G/2.5G WIRELESS BACKHAUL    metro core networks   TJ100/TJ1000 Series (Portfolio FY’08) CWDM/DWDM for high-bandwidth Up to 80-channels per node 1Gbps Backhaul for Access Networks MOBILE TV/ APPLICATIONS 3G WIRELESS BACKHAUL TJ100ME (STM-4/16) CABLE ONLINE GAMING IPTV DSLAM ENTERPRISE ETHERNET SERVICES TJ2030/TJ2050 (GIG-E) DXC TJ1600 (STM-16/64) Aggregation TJ3000 (CWDM/DWDM) Core TJ100MC-16S/ MC-16X/ MC-16SP (STM-16 MADM) Access COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 30

  Lower cost Base Stations Low Power Base Stations  Next Generation Base Stations ◦ Consisting of  Low Noise Amplifiers, Power Amplifiers, A/D and D/A  And so low power  Software driven base stations  So that new base stations become software change rather than hardware as new standards evolve  Fibre (with DWDM) backhaul carrying a digitized signals to central Base Station Processing unit (BSPU)  BSPU is Core Computing with parallel processing  Similar to that used today for billing, network management and customer care today COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 31

LightGSM hot spots Expand coverage using LightGSM

LightGSM hotspot on demand to cover a single village Existing towers for back haul from remote hotspots Use existing transport network for traffic aggregation COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 32

Cell – Site With AC Mains (4-8 hrs) Cell – Site Only on Solar Power COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 33

Come up with innovative services COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 34

MPFI

  - a forum to enable Mobile Banking in India To allow a normal mobile phone user to transfer money (tentatively of up to USD 100) at minimum cost Brings together Service Providers, Financial Inclusion Institutions, Academia and Regulators, Banks, Telecom Operators

Mobile Payment Operative Guidelines for the banks

has been made operational from

1st week of October

Started with

51

members, now over

109

from over 50 organizations members Working on

Operative Guidelines for Financial Inclusion

Planned: inter- working standards, KYC norms, Financial Inclusion, Cash Wallets etc.

http://www.mpf.org.in

COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 35

 ◦

Driving voice based services

Rural India far more comfortable with voice  Not comfortable interacting with text  

Back-end computer to interact with customers in natural language voice

  Speech recognition Text to Speech  Multi-language (14 languages and multiple dialects) ◦ ◦  Voice based authentication

Voice Internet

Voice based Information System (web / private networks) Voice based transaction system COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 36

 Quality Faculty: ◦ 100 Research Scholars: 300  Industry: ◦ R&D personnel: 10 300  State funding: USD 3-4/yr 2005 • Telecom Consumer • Telecom Operator 2009 • Telecom MVNO • Telecom Design House 2013 • Telecom Product House • Technology Leaders COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 37



India takes first steps

◦ To be amongst the technology leader ◦  To enable reduce CAPEX / OPEX and enhance revenue for operators Innovation needed COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 38

Bid for 3G as well as BWA (4G) spectrum COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 39

 Europe over-bid for 3G ◦ Most operators became near bankrupt ◦   Lost of trimming and mergers for survival Service charges high Slow take off  Indian operators must not over-bid ◦ But at least five major private operators  Many more smaller ones ◦  Bidding slots 2 – 4 frequency slots Shortage may result in panic bidding  Solution ◦ Find more spectrum ◦ Allow sharing of spectrum COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 40

 

BWA spectrum bid claims technology neutrality

◦

But does not regulate so that multiple operators can function with multiple technologies

could result into disputes and litigation later COMSNET, Bangalore 29 April 2020 41