Transcript Document 7280126

Geographic Information Systems
An Introduction
U82-200
Stefan Falke
[email protected]
Pop vs Soda vs Coke
http://www.popvssoda.com/
Pop vs Soda vs Coke by County
2004 Presidential Election Results
Popular
Electoral
Bush
62,040,606
286
Kerry
59,028,109
252
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/
States size are adjusted to be proportional to population
States size are adjusted to be proportional to number of electoral votes
2004 Presidential Results by County
County size is proportional to population
What is GIS?
‘GIS’ is Geographic Information System
Traditional definition is that GIS is a set of computer tools for accessing,
processing, visualizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting spatial data.
GISystems: Emphasis on technology and tools
GIScience: Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS,
such as: Spatial analysis
Map projections
Accuracy
Scientific visualization
Implementation and application of GIS
covers a wide spectrum:
Simple maps
Overlaying multiple map “layers”
Comparing data sets (simple data analysis)
Complex statistical analysis
gis.com
Geospatial Information Science & Technology
Spatio-Temporal
Data Analysis
Remote Sensing
Geospatial Policy
& Standards
Visualization
Interoperability
Reusable Tools
Data Creation, Management,
and Integration
Web Info Systems
GIS&T
Location-based
Services
GPS
Spatial Mapping (GIS)
Geospatial Information Science and Technology
“…acquires, manages, interprets, integrates, displays, analyzes, or otherwise
uses data focusing on the geographic, temporal and spatial context.”
(GeoSpatial Workforce Development Center at the University of Southern Mississippi)
According to a recent Department of Labor report, the three most
important emerging and evolving fields are:
• Biotechnology
• Nanotechnology
• Geospatial technology
(Gewin, V., Mapping Opportunities, Nature, 427 (6972) 376-377, Jan. 2004)
Spatial Data Analysis
• Turns raw data into useful information
– by adding greater informative content and value
Wisdom
Knowledge
Evidence
Data
Information
Adapted from Bolstad, 2005
The John Snow Map
•
A classic example of
the use of location to
draw inferences
•
1854 cholera outbreak
in London
•
Point data map
indicated some spatial
clustering
•
Overlaying a map of
water pump locations
showed many cases
were concentrated
around a single pump
GIS Layer Overlay
GIS Software Architecture
User Interface
Viewers, Controls
Tools / Functions
Display, Analysis, Manipulation
Data Management
Data Access, Conversion
Data
Components of GIS
“GIS should be viewed as a process rather than as merely
software or hardware.” (Malczewski, 1999)
• Organized collection of
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Hardware
Software
Network
Data
People
Management
Software
People
Data
Network
Management
Hardware
Views to a GIS
Map view:
GIS is "a powerful set of tools for collecting,
Focus on cartographic (mapping) aspects of GIS storing, retrieving at will, transforming and
displaying spatial data from the real world for a
Thematic GIS layers
particular set of purposes"
Input map => Output map
(Burrough and McDonnell, 1998)
Database view:
Focus on database management system
Simple queries to retrieve and overlay data
Spatial analysis view:
Focus on analysis and modeling
Views GIS more as information science
Organizational (Enterprise) view:
An approach to managing an organization’s
data, information, and knowledge
GIS is “a database system in which most of the
data are spatially indexed, and upon which a set
of procedures operated in order to answer
queries about spatial entities in the database”
(Smith et al., 1987)
“The true potential value of Geographical
Information Systems lies in their ability to analyze
spatial data using the techniques of spatial
analysis"
(Goodchild, 1988)
“ a decision support system involving the
integration of spatially referenced data in a
problem-solving environment”
(Cowen, 1988)
A Brief History of GIS
•
GIS is relatively young but mapping and spatial
analysis preceded it by thousands of years
•
Manual map overlay as a method was first
described comprehensively in a 1950 textbook
•
Mathematics for spatial analysis were
developed in the 1930s and 1940s
•
GIS evolution parallels that of general
information technology
http://www.gisdevelopment.net/history/
A Brief History of GIS – 1960s
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The 1960s saw the advent of geographic data and mapping software
First GIS was the Canada Geographic Information System developed
for land resource measuring and inventory analysis
The Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis
established
Aeronautical Charting and Information Center in St. Louis
US Defense Mapping Agency in St. Louis (then NIMA – National
Imagery and Mapping Agency, now (as of 11/03) NGA – National
Geospatial Intelligence Agency)
A Brief History of GIS – 1970s
• Gridded data analysis programs
• Rudimentary graphics
• ESRI (Environmental Science and Research
Institute) established
• Intergraph founded
• Increased GIS use by government agencies
• Satellite imagery (Landsat)
• Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME) for census areas
• GIS Functions for points and polygons
A Brief History of GIS – 1980s
• ESRI ArcInfo
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• GIS Journals and Conferences
• MapInfo
• TIGER (Topographically Integrated Geographic
Encoding and Referencing) Census project
• Academic GIS courses
• Widespread acceptance across disciplines
• Increased availability of satellite imagery
A Brief History of GIS – 1990s
Migration to PC
Open GIS Consortium
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)
Web GIS
GIS Day (annual event in November)
A Brief History of GIS – 2000s
• WebGIS
• Wireless (PDAs, cell phones)
• Embedded Sensor Networks
• Distributed Databases
• GIServices
Special Spatial Nomenclature
Geographic – Limited to phenomena and problems relating to
Earth’s surface and near-surface
Spatial – Any space, including geographic, but not restricted to
geographic coordinate space, e.g. medical imaging, Mars
Geospatial – A recent term to represent the subset of spatial
applied specifically to the Earth’s surface. (synonymous with
geographic)
Course Objectives
 Understand the fundamental principles of GIS
 Gain background and hands-on experience with software
tools for working with spatial data.
 Appreciate the complexities involved in data processing,
analysis, and mapping
Course Outline
Date
Topic
Reading
GIS Overview
Bolstad Chp 1
Geospatial Data
Longley Chp 3
14-Sep
Projections and Coordinate Systems
Bolstad Chp 3
21-Sep
Feature Analysis
Bolstad Chp 9
28-Sep
Surface Analysis
Bolstad Chp 10/11
Spatial Data Analysis
Bolstad Chp 12
12-Oct
Spatial Modeling / Web GIS
Bolstad Chp 13
19-Oct
Exam / Project Presentations
31-Aug
7-Sep
5-Oct
Problem Set #1
PS #1 due
PS #2
PS #2 due
Texts
Bolstad, Paul GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic
Information Systems, 2nd Edition, Eider Press, 2005.
(http://www.paulbolstad.net/gisbook.html)
Longley, Paul; Michael Goodchild; David Maguire and David Rhind
Geographic Information Systems and Science, 2nd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 2005
Gorr, Wilpen and Kristen Kurland GIS Tutorial: Workbook for ArcView
9, ESRI Press, 2005
All are on reserve at the Earth & Planetary Science Library
Project
The project involves working through a GIS application using data of
interest to you. Key aspects of the project are to bring in data into GIS and
use GIS to gain new insight into the data.
Paper describing the project data, methods, tools, and results. (3-5
pages)
Presentation summarizing the project. (about 5 minutes)
Paper and Presentation are both due on October 19.
Grading
Problem Sets 30%
Exam 30%
Project 30%
Class participation 10%
Late Policy:
Problem sets are due two weeks after they are assigned. They
should not be late.
Information Request
Please send an email to [email protected] with the following:
Name:
Email:
Department/Organization:
Level/Position:
Interest in course:
Previous experience with GIS:
Telesis
http://capita.wustl.edu/ENVE424/
Webpage will contain:
• Class syllabus
• Lecture slides
• Online links to resource materials
Homework
Determine your logistics for this course
• Buy or use library copies of texts?
• Next week we will go through Tutorials 2&3 in Gorr
• Where to use ArcGIS outside of class?
• Begin thinking about your project topic
GIS Software Packages
Autodesk
ESRI
Intergraph
MapInfo
Manifold
Viewer
AutoCAD
LT
ArcReader
GeoMedia Viewer
ProViewer
Custom
Desktop
World
ArcView
GeoMedia
Manifold GIS
Professional
AutoCAD /
Map
ArcEditor
GeoMedia Pro
MapInfo
Professional
MapInfo
Professional
Hand-held
OnSite
ArcPad
IntelliWhere
MapXtend
--
Database
Server
Design
Server
ArcSDE
Uses Oracle
Spatial
SpatialWare
SQL Server
Component
Modeling
In several
products
Map
Objects
Part of GeoMedia
MapX, MapJ
Manifold Object
Model
Internet
MapGuide
ArcIMS
GeoMedia Web
Map, GeoMedia
Web Enterprise
MapXtreme,
MapXSite
Manifold IMS
ArcInfo
Manifold GIS
GIS Market
Estimated 2004 revenue - $2 Billion (10% growth over 2003)
Software (64%)
Services (24%)
Data Products (8%)
Hardware (4%)
Market Share (2003)
ESRI - 34%
Intergraph - 13%
Autodesk - 9%
IBM GIS Business Unit- 9%
GE Energy - 8%
Leica Geosystems- 7%
Mapinfo - 4%
Other - 16%
Others:
Idrisi
GRASS
Manifold
Largest market for GIS Software: Utilities industry (21%), followed by state and local
governments
ArcGIS System Architecture
ArcGIS Main Components
ArcCatalog
ArcMap
ArcMap
Central ArcGIS application
Handles map-based tasks
ArcToolbox
Contains the tools for
geoprocessing
ArcCatalog
Organizes and manages GIS data
ArcCatalog
GIS Data Formats
Working in ArcGIS
Spatial Analyst
Raster and Vector
Analysis
Geostatistical Analyst
Advanced spatial
analysis
3D Analyst
ESRI ArcGIS
Username: U82-200
Password: Ge0graphic
Create a directory with your name under “My Documents”
Copy data for tutorial 1 to your directory
To start ArcMap:
- Select Start Button
- Go to Programs-> ArcGIS -> ArcMap