PSYCHOLOGY

AN EXPLORATION Second Edition

CHAPTER

11

theories of personality and intelligence

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

why study personality?

Personality is the sum total of who you are—your attitudes and reactions, both physical and emotional. It’s what makes each person different from every other person in the world. How can any study of human behavior not include the study of who we are and how we got to be that way?

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Learning Objectives

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LO 11.1 Personality from various perspectives

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality

LO 11.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications

LO 11.4 How does modern psychoanalytic theory differ from Freud

LO 11.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality

LO 11.6 How humanists explain personality

LO 11.7 The history and current views of the trait perspective

LO 11.8 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality

LO 11.9 Definition of intelligence

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Learning Objectives

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• LO 11.10 Measuring intelligence and how intelligence tests are constructed

LO 11.11 Intellectual Disability and what causes it

LO 11.12 Giftedness and does giftedness guarantee success

LO 11.13 Biology, heredity, environment, and cultural roles in personality and intelligence

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Personality

LO 11.1 Personality • • Personality – Unique way individual thinks, feels, and acts throughout lifespan Character – Value judgments on moral and ethical behavior Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Personality

LO 11.1 Personality • • Temperament – Based in biology  Genetic and prenatal influences Character and temperament are components of personality Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Four Perspectives in Study of Personality

LO 11.1 Personality • • Psychoanalytic – Beginnings with Freud – Role of unconscious Behaviorists – Origins in learning theory – Focus on environmental influences Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Four Perspectives in Study of Personality

LO 11.1 Personality • • Humanistic – Conscious life experiences and choices Trait Theorists – Concerned with the characteristics of personality Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Sigmund Freud

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Founded the psychoanalytic movement – Believed in layers of consciousness – Must be understood in the social context of the Victorian era – "Obsession" with sexual explanations for abnormal behavior  Reflects repressive attitudes about sexuality  Patient concerns often centered on sexual conflicts Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was the founder of the psychodynamic movement in psychology. Many of his patients sat or reclined on the couch above while he sat in a chair, listening to them and developing his psychoanalytic theory of personality.

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

The Unconsciousness Mind

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Mind divided into three parts: – Preconscious  Information available but not currently conscious – Conscious  Aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

The Unconsciousness Mind

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • • Mind divided into three parts: – Unconscious  Thoughts, feelings, and memories not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness Unconscious content revealed in dreams, slips of the tongue Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Figure 11.1 Freud’s Conception of the Personality

This iceberg represents the three levels of the mind. The part of the iceberg visible above the surface is the conscious mind. Just below the surface is the preconscious mind, everything that is not yet part of the conscious mind. Hidden deep below the surface is the unconscious mind, feelings, memories, thoughts, and urges that cannot be easily brought into consciousness. While two of the three parts of the personality (ego and superego) exist at all three levels of awareness, the id is completely in the unconscious mind.

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Id – Present at birth, completely unconscious – Libido  Instinctual energy, conflict with society’s standards – Pleasure principle  Immediate satisfaction, no regard for consequences Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Ego – Deals with reality; conscious, rational, logical – Reality principle  Satisfy demands of id when no negative consequences exist Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Superego  Moral center; source of pride or guilt – Ego ideal  Standards for moral behavior Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Table 11.1 The Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud: Stages of Personality Development

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • • Personality develops in a series of stages Fixation – Unresolved conflict in psychosexual stage – Results in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud: Stages of Personality Development

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Labeled Psychosexual stages – Five stages tied to child’s sexual development Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud: Stages of Personality Development

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Oral stage – Occurs during first year of life – Mouth is erogenous zone – Weaning is primary conflict – Id dominated stage Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud believed that mothers should breast-feed their infants to satisfy an infant’s need for oral gratification in the oral stage of psychosexual development. The age at which an infant was weaned from the breast was a critical factor in psychoanalytic theory.

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud: Stages of Personality Development

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Anal stage – 1 to 3 years of age – Anus is erogenous zone – Toilet training is source of conflict – Ego develops Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud: Stages of Personality Development

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Anal stage – Anal expulsive personality  Fixated personality  Messy, destructive, and hostile – Anal retentive personality  Fixated  Neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud: Stages of Personality Development

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Phallic stage – 3 to 6 years of age – Child discovers sexual feelings – Superego develops – Oedipus complex  Child develops sexual attraction to opposite-sex parent  Jealousy of the same-sex parent Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud: Stages of Personality Development

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Phallic stage – Identification  Defense mechanism  Child identifies with same sex parent to deal with anxiety Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud: Stages of Personality Development

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Latency – Age 6 to puberty – Sexual feelings of the child are repressed – Child grows socially, intellectually, physically Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Freud: Stages of Personality Development

LO 11.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Genital – Puberty – Sexual feelings reawaken – Parents are no longer target of attraction Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Table 11.2 Freud's Psychosexual Stages Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Neo-Freudians

LO 11.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications • Jung – De-emphasized Freud’s focus on biology and sexuality – Unconscious more complex than suggested by Freud  Collective unconscious  – Memories of ancient fears – Themes common in folktales and cultures Archetypes – Collective, universal human memories Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Carl Jung (1875–1961) was a Swiss psychoanalyst who eventually broke away from Freud’s emphasis on the sexual content of the unconscious mind. He formed his own theory of analysis known as analytical psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Neo-Freudians

LO 11.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications • • Adler – Conflicts rooted in feelings of inferiority – Driving force is pursuit of superiority Horney – Theory based on anxiety – Rejected concept of penis envy – Basic anxiety  Struggle with powerful world of older children and adults Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Dr. Karen Horney (1885–1952) took issue with Freud’s emphasis on sexuality, especially the concept of penis envy. She emphasized the importance of feelings of basic anxiety in personality development during early childhood.

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Neo-Freudians

LO 11.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications • Erikson – Theory based on social rather than sexual relationships – Covers entire life span Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Modern Psychoanalytic Theory

LO 11.4 Modern psychoanalytic theory •

Current research supports:

– Defense mechanisms to explain irrational behavior – Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

According to Horney, of the three ways children deal with anxiety, which way do you think this child might be using?

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Behaviorism and Personality

LO 11.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality • • Define personality as a set of learned responses or habits – Habits  Well-learned, automatic responses Social cognitive learning theorists – Emphasis on influences of other’s behavior and own expectancies on learning Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Behaviorism and Personality

LO 11.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality • Social cognitive view – Includes cognitive processes – Anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism and Self-efficacy

LO 11.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality • • Reciprocal determinism – Environment, personal characteristics, and behavior interact to determine future behavior Self-efficacy – Perception of how effective behavior will be – Not the same as self-esteem Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Figure 11.2 Reciprocal Determinism

In Bandura’s model of reciprocal determinism, three factors influence behavior: the environment, which consists of the physical surroundings and the potential for reinforcement; the person (personal/cognitive characteristics that have been rewarded in the past); and the behavior itself, which may or may not be reinforced at this particular time and place.

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory: Expectancies

LO 11.6 How humanists explain personality • • Personality as stable set of potential responses to various situations Locus of control – Degree one assumes to have control or not have control over consequences in life Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory: Expectancies

LO 11.6 How humanists explain personality • Locus of control – Internal  Assume personal actions control events – External  Assume results are beyond personal control Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

According to Rotter, what would be the most likely form of locus of control experienced by this young woman?

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Humanism and Personality

LO 11.6 How humanists explain personality • Humanistic perspective – Focuses on aspects of personality that make people uniquely human – Subjective feelings, freedom of choice – Developed as a reaction against:  Negativity of psychoanalysis  Deterministic nature of behaviorism Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Roger’s Theory of Personality

LO 11.6 How humanists explain personality • Self-actualizing tendency – Humans strive to reach unique potential – Self-concept is tool for self-actualization Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Roger’s Theory of Personality

LO 11.6 How humanists explain personality • Components of self-concept – Real self  Actual perception of characteristics, traits, abilities  Forms basis of striving for self actualization – Ideal self  Perception of what one should or would like to be Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Figure 11.3 Real and Ideal Selves

According to Rogers, the self-concept includes the real self and the ideal self. The real self is a person’s actual perception of traits and abilities, whereas the ideal self is the perception of what a person would like to be or thinks he or she should be. When the ideal self and the real self are very similar (matching), the person experiences harmony and contentment. When there is a mismatch between the two selves, the person experiences anxiety and may engage in neurotic behavior.

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Carl Rogers and Self-Concept

LO 11.6 How humanists explain personality • • Positive regard – Warmth, affection, love, respect – Comes from significant others in one’s life Unconditional positive regard – Regard given without conditions or strings attached Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Carl Rogers and Self-Concept

LO 11.6 How humanists explain personality • • Conditional positive regard – Given only when doing what providers of positive regard wish Fully functioning person – In touch with and trusting deepest, innermost urges and feelings Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Trait Theories of Personality

LO 11.7 The history and current views of the trait perspective • • Describe characteristics that make up human personality Attempt to predict future behavior – Trait  Consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Trait Theories of Personality

LO 11.7 The history and current views of the trait perspective • • Allport – Developed a list of 200 traits – Believed traits were literally “wired” into nervous system Cattell – Defined traits as surface and source – Based personality questionnaire on 16 source traits Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Cattell and the 16 PF

LO 11.7 The history and current views of the trait perspective • • Five-factor model (Big Five) Statistical technique: – Factor analysis  Evaluating groupings and commonalities in numerical data Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Cattell and the 16 PF

LO 11.7 The history and current views of the trait perspective • Five basic core trait dimensions: – Openness  Willingness to try new things, open to new experiences – Conscientiousness  Organization, thoughtfulness of others; dependability Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Figure 11.4 Cattell’s Self-Report Inventory

This is an example of personality profiles based on Cattell’s 16PF self-report inventory. The two groups represented are airline pilots and writers. Notice that airline pilots, when compared to writers, tend to be more conscientious, relaxed, selfassured, and far less sensitive. Writers, on the other hand, are more imaginative and better able to think abstractly. Source: Cattell (1973).

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Figure 11.4 (continued) Cattell’s Self-Report Inventory

This is an example of personality profiles based on Cattell’s 16PF self-report inventory. The two groups represented are airline pilots and writers. Notice that airline pilots, when compared to writers, tend to be more conscientious, relaxed, selfassured, and far less sensitive. Writers, on the other hand, are more imaginative and better able to think abstractly. Source: Cattell (1973).

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

The Big Five Theory

LO 11.7 The history and current views of the trait perspective • Extraversion – Refers to need to be with other people  Extraverts – Outgoing and sociable  Introverts – Prefer solitude, dislike being the center of attention Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

The Big Five Theory

LO 11.7 The history and current views of the trait perspective • • Agreeableness – Emotional style range – Easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant Neuroticism – Degree of emotional instability or stability Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Trait Theories Today

LO 11.7 The history and current views of the trait perspective • Cross-cultural research: – Supports five-factor model in many different cultures – Future research to explore  Child-rearing practices influence on factors  Heredity’s influence on the personality factors Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Table 11.3 Who Uses What Method?

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Measuring Personality: Interviews

LO 11.8 Advantages and disadvantages of various measures of personality • Professional asks questions of the client and client answers – May be a structured or unstructured fashion – Interview is not like a job interview  Naturally flowing dialogue Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Measuring Personality: Interviews

LO 11.8 Advantages and disadvantages of various measures of personality • Problems with interviews – Can be biased and prejudiced – Halo effect  Interviewer is affected by first impression  Subsequent interviews are influenced by this – May be positive or negative Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Measuring Personality: Projective Tests

LO 11.8 Advantages and disadvantages of various measures of personality • • • Client projects unconscious concerns and fears onto ambiguous visual stimuli Tests are commonly used as a diagnostic tool – Uncover problems in personality Rorschach inkblot test – uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Measuring Personality: Projective Tests

LO 11.8 Advantages and disadvantages of various measures of personality • • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations are visual stimuli Test interpretation can be very subjective – Not scientific or necessarily accurate Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Figure 11.5 Rorschach Inkblot Example

A facsimile of a Rorschach inkblot. A person being tested is asked to tell the interviewer what he or she sees in an inkblot similar to the one shown. Answers are neither right nor wrong but may reveal unconscious concerns. What do you see in this inkblot?

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Figure 11.6 Thematic Apperception Test Example

A sample from the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). When you look at this picture, what story does it suggest to you? Who are the people? What is their relationship?

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Measuring Personality: Behavioral Assessments

LO 11.8 Advantages and disadvantages of various measures of personality • • Direct observation – Professional observes client engaged in day-to-day behavior – Seen in either a clinical or natural setting Rating scale – Numerical value is assigned to specific behavior listed in the scale Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Measuring Personality: Behavioral Assessments

LO 11.8 Advantages and disadvantages of various measures of personality • Frequency count – Frequency of a particular behavior is counted Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Measuring Personality: Personality Inventory

LO 11.8 Advantages and disadvantages of various measures of personality • • Paper and pencil or computerized test Consists of statements requiring specific, standardized responses – NEO-PI  Neuroticism/Extraversion/Openness Personality Inventory  Based on the five-factor model Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Measuring Personality: Personality Inventory

LO 11.8 Advantages and disadvantages of various measures of personality • Consists of statements requiring specific, standardized responses – Myers-Briggs Type Indicator  Uses Jung’s theory of personality types – MMPI-2  Clinical test, assesses abnormal personality traits Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Intelligence

LO 11.9 Definition of intelligence • • The ability to: – Learn from one’s experiences – Acquire knowledge – Use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems Characteristics individual needs to survive in his or her culture Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Intelligence

LO 11.9 Definition of intelligence • Spearman – g factor  General intelligence  Ability to reason and solve problems – s factor  Specific intelligence  Ability to excel in certain areas Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Intelligence

LO 11.9 Definition of intelligence • Gardner – Multiple intelligences  Broader concept of intelligence  Identifies nine areas of intelligence Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Measuring Intelligence

LO 11.10 Measuring intelligcne and how intelligence tests are constructed • Intelligence quotient (IQ) – MA/CA X 100 = IQ – Allows comparison of intelligence levels of people of different age-groups Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Measuring Intelligence

LO 11.10 Measuring intelligcne and how intelligence tests are constructed • • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test – Single score – Evaluates:  Fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative processing, visual–spatial processing, and working memory Wechsler Intelligence Tests – Three scores  Verbal, performance, and overall score Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Table 11.4 Paraphrased Sample Items from the Stanford-Bidet Intelligence Test Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Table 11.5 Simulated Sample Items from the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Test Construction

LO 11.10 Measuring intelligcne and how intelligence tests are constructed • • Reliability – Producing consistent results on repeat testing of individuals or groups Validity – Degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Test Construction

LO 11.10 Measuring intelligcne and how intelligence tests are constructed • Standardization – Testing large group of people that represents population for whom the test is designed Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

IQ Test Norms

LO 11.10 Measuring intelligcne and how intelligence tests are constructed • • • Norms – Scores from the standardization group Normal curve distribution – Where most frequent scores are around the mean Normal curve allows IQ scores to be more accurately estimated – Deviation IQ scores  Are based on normal curve distribution Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Figure 11.7 The Normal Curve

The percentages under each section of the normal curve represent the percentage of scores falling within that section for each standard deviation (SD) from the mean. Scores on intelligence tests are typically represented by the normal curve. The dotted vertical lines each represent one standard deviation from the mean, which is always set at 100. For example, an IQ of 115 on the Wechsler represents one standard deviation above the mean, and the area under the curve indicates that 34.13 percent of the population falls between 100 and 115 on this test.

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

IQ Tests and Cultural Bias

LO 11.10 Measuring intelligcne and how intelligence tests are constructed • People originating from a culture different from that of the developer tend not to perform as well – Language, dialect, and content, represent the culture of the test developer Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

IQ Tests and Cultural Bias

LO 11.10 Measuring intelligcne and how intelligence tests are constructed • • "Culture fair" tests – Use more nonverbal items May be impossible to create test free of cultural bias Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

How might these two women, apparently from different cultures, come to an agreement on what best defines intelligence?

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Intellectual Disability

LO 11.11 Intellectual disability and what causes it • Intellectual disability – IQ score must fall below 70, or two standard deviations below the mean on the normal curve – Adaptive behavior is severely below a level appropriate for the person’s age  Behavior may be conceptual, social, or practical in nature – Onset before age 18 – Occurs in about 3% of population Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Classification of Intellectual Disability

LO 11.11 Intellectual disability and what causes it • Disability ranges from mild to profound – Mild:  55–70 IQ  Capable of independent living with support – Moderate:  40–55 IQ  Second grade skill level, sheltered work Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Classification of Intellectual Disability

LO 11.11 Intellectual disability and what causes it • Disability ranges from mild to profound – Severe:  25–40 IQ  May learn basic self-care, need supervision – Profound:  Below 25 IQ Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Giftedness

LO 11.12 Giftedness and does giftedness guarantee success • • • 2 percent of the population IQ scores fall in upper end of the normal curve Typically possess an IQ of 130 or higher Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Actor Colin Clive portrayed the character of Dr. Frankenstein in one of the earliest film adaptations of Mary Shelley’s original novel, Frankenstein. In this 1931 version, the prototypical mad scientist and his odd assistant Fritz (played by veteran character actor Dwight Frye) prepare to bring their monster to life. This is only one example of how the myth of the “mad genius” became part of the popular culture.

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Does Giftedness Guarantee Success?

LO 11.12 Giftedness and does giftedness guarantee success • Terman longitudinal study – Gifted children grow up to be successful adults  Earned more academic degrees  Had higher occupational and financial success than average peers – Study has been criticized for a lack of objectivity  Terman became too involved in the lives of his participants Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Emotional Intelligence

LO 11.13 Biology, heredity, environment, and cultural roles in personality and intelligence • • • Awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions Ability to be self-motivated Able to feel what others feel, and socially skilled Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Emotional Intelligence

LO 11.13 Biology, heredity, environment, and cultural roles in personality and intelligence • • Viewed as a powerful influence on success in life Concept first introduced by Salovey and Mayer (1990),expanded upon by Goleman (1995) Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Behavioral Genetics

LO 11.13 Biology, heredity, environment, and cultural roles in personality and intelligence • • Studies the relationship between heredity and personality Minnesota twin study – Followed identical twins – Are more similar than fraternal twins or unrelated people in:  Intelligence, leadership abilities, the tendency to follow rules, and tendency to uphold traditional cultural expectations Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

James Arthur Springer and James Edward Lewis, otherwise known as the “Jim” twins and as referenced in the chapter opener. Although separated shortly after birth and reunited at age 39, they exhibited many similarities in personality and personal habits. Although genetics may explain some of these similarities, what other factors might also be at work?

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Figure 11.8 Correlations Between IQ Scores of Persons with Various Relationships

In the graph on the left, the degree of genetic relatedness seems to determine the agreement (correlation) between IQ scores of the various comparisons. For example, identical twins, who share 100 percent of their genes, are more similar in IQ than fraternal twins, who share only about 50 percent of their genes, even when raised in the same environment. In the graph on the right, identical twins are still more similar to each other in IQ than are other types of comparisons, but being raised in the same environment increases the similarity considerably.

Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Heredity and Environment and Intelligence

LO 11.13 Biology, heredity, environment, and cultural roles in personality and intelligence • • • Stronger correlations found between IQ scores as genetic relatedness increases Heritability of IQ is estimated at 0.50.

Genes interact with environmental factors – Extreme environments can modify even very heritable traits Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Heredity and Environment and Intelligence

LO 11.13 Biology, heredity, environment, and cultural roles in personality and intelligence • Four basic dimensions of personality along which cultures may vary: 1.

Individualism/collectivism 2.

Power distance 3.

4.

Masculinity/femininity Uncertainty avoidance Psychology: An Exploration, Second Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White