Transcript Document 7194538

Chapter Project:
1-2 page essay on any topic featured
on Simoncini’s website’s psych page:
http://psimonciniohs.net
Due date: ______________________
As an anticipatory set about sleep and
dreams, let’s watch this episode of the
TV show M*A*S*H (“Hawkeye’s Nightmare,” first aired December 21, 1976,
directed by Burt Metcalfe)
Hawkeye
(Alan Alda)
Alan Arbus
Dr. Freedman
Psychoanalyst
What do cognitive
neuroscientists
consider the
primary function
of the brain?
Brain acts like a biological computing device
with vast resources 100 billion transistor-like
neurons, each with thousands of
interconnections
Electroencephalographs
Positron emission
tomography (PET) to
capture a picture of
the brain as different
parts being used.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to
study both activity and brain structures
Shepard & Metzler
experiment (1971)
Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and
usually limited physical mobility.
As your textbook indicates, I, Sigmund Freud,
identified 3 levels of consciousness. You can
liken them to an iceberg.
Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts)
Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge)
Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;
immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful
experiences, unacceptable desires)
Edelman and Solso & Tononi
Consciousness restricts our attention—
keeps our brains from being overwhelmed
by stimulation
Consciousness provides a mental “meeting
place,” where sensation can combine with
memory, emotions, and motives
Consciousness provides a mental model
of the world that we can manipulate
Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and
usually limited physical mobility.
These two are the divisions of the unconscious
mind.
Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts)
Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge)
Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;
immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful
experiences, unacceptable desires)
Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and
usually limited physical mobility.
Differentiate between preconscious memories
and the unconscious.
Preconscious level: return to conscious more easily,
when something cues their recall. Otherwise, lie
just below conscious level until needed
Unconscious level: cognition without awareness
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M E N __ __ __
Menace
Menial
Mental Mentor
Sleep: a state of altered
consciousness, characterized by
certain patterns of brain activity.
Daydreaming: a common variation of
consciousness in which attention shifts
to memories, expectations, desires, or
fantasies and away from the immediate
situation.
Wegner, et al, 1987: The White Bear
Experiment
Hey, Simoncini. Last night I
had a terrible nightmare
about a polar bear.
Meagan, just put that thought out
of your mind! Think about
soccer.
*#!#** Now all I do is obsess
about white bears.
Amount of sleep
One of the vocabulary terms in
your text was circadian rhythm.
Who can tell me the definition?
A biological clock that is genetically
programmed to regulate physiological
responses within a 24-25 hour time
period—the rhythm of activity and
inactivity. (morning people/night people)
Study of sleep—aided by Electro
Encephalograph (EEG) machine
Two types of sleep patterns:
Quiet sleep
Active sleep
Scientists, through
extensive research,
have determined
various stages of sleep.
Stages of Sleep
Begin to fall asleep:
Body temperature drops
Pulse rate drops
Breathing: slow
and even
Stages of Sleep
Gradually eyes close
Brain emits alpha
waves associated
with absence of
concentrated
thought and with
relaxation.
Stages of Sleep
Body may twitch, your eyes may
roll, and brief visual images
flash across your mind as you
enter Stage I sleep—lightest level
Simoncini is so
boring. . .
is
hot. . .ZZZZZ
Stages of Sleep
Stage I:
Pulse slows a bit more/muscles
relax; breathing—uneven; brain
waves—irregular.
Phase lasts about 10 minutes
Brain waves shift from lowamplitude, high-frequency to
high amplitude; low frequency
indicating. . .
Stages of Sleep
Stage I:
Stages of Sleep
Stage II sleep
Eyes roll, side-to-side indicating bursts
of brain activity called sleep spindles:
12-16 Hz waves lasting 0.5-1.5 seconds
Stages of Sleep
Thirty minutes later,
drift down to deeper level of
Stage III sleep
Large amplitude delta
waves sweep brain
each second or so.
Stages of Sleep Stage III sleep
Stages of Sleep
Stage IV Sleep
Deepest of all sleep
Difficult to wake
a sleeper in
Stage IV
Large, regular delta waves, more
than 50% of time—state of
oblivion
Stages of Sleep Stage IV Sleep
Stages of Sleep
Stage IV Sleep
Suddenly awakened:
disoriented
Talking out loud, sleepwalking, bedwetting—no
trace on memory
Deep sleep important to
psychological well-being
Stages of Sleep zzzzzzzzzz
75% of sleep—Stages I-IV
After Stage IV, muscles more
relaxed than ever before but . . .
. . .eyes move rapidly
Person has entered a
more active sleep
characterized by rapid
eye movement (REM)
Stages of Sleep
REM sleep (Active sleep)
Irregular pulse and breathing
Levels of adrenal &
sexual hormones in
blood rise . . .
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Stages of Sleep
. . . as if you were in the
middle of an intensely or
emotionally demanding activity
Stages of Sleep
REM Sleep
Stages of Sleep
REM sleep
Often, a person’s face or fingers
twitch and the large muscles in
the arms and legs become
paralyzed.
Almost all dreaming
occurs during REM
sleep
zzzzzzzzzzzzz
Stages of Sleep
REM sleep
. . . lasts 10 minutes, after
which you retrace the descent
to Stage IV.
Go through cycle every 90 min.
Each time period of Stage IV
sleep decreases, length of REM
sleep increases—until awakening
Stages of Sleep
1 Cycle
Drift off
Stage 1
10 min.
Stage 2
10 min.
Each subsequent cycle, Stage 4
sleep decreases & REM sleep
increases; Stage 4 in only first 2
cycles
REM (10 min.)
Stage 1
zzzz
zzzz
Stage 3
10 min.
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
20 min.
Stage 1
Stage 2
Experiment
Period before slipping into
Stage I sleep is called
hypnagogic sleep.
1. Put pen/notebook next to bed
2. Lie down & prop elbow in
comfortable position so arm
dangles in air
Experiment
As you drift into hypnagogic
sleep, your arm should fall,
jarring you awake.
When you wake up,
quickly write down whatever
images or thoughts you
experienced before the arm fell.
Turn-in tomorrow—10 points XC
Long-term experiments
1. Critical Thinking #2, p. 179
2. Over 1 week, log the hours you
and the members of your family
sleep each night. Then compile
them in the following ranges:
infants, 2-12, 13-20, 21-30,
31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61+
What can you expect about your next
sleep cycle after pulling an all-nighter?
This college
studying stinks!
REM rebound: more REM
sleep during the next sleep
period after being irritable
and tired the day following
the all-nighter. Indicates one function of
sleep is to satisfy a basic biological need
for REM
Siegel (2003): damaged brain cells get
repaired during sleep
Crick & Mitchison (1983): We dream to
forget. As we go through the day we
learn and experience things, and when
we do, we create new neural networks;
we dream to unravel those neural nets
Amount of sleep
Varies person-to-person, often
based on age.
16-18
hrs
Newborns:
per day
Half the time in REM sleep
Teenagers:
7-8 hours or
more; 20% REM
Amount of sleep
Senior citizens (70+ years)
May need only 5 hours;
15% REM
Adults: 25% REM;
75% NREM
Dreams
First dreams—vague thoughts
left over from day’s activities
Evan’s
Room
As a way to
transition from
sleep to dreams,
Simoncini wants to
show the following
film clip.
CBS 60 Minutes Episode on Sleep,
March 16, 2008
Part 1
Part 2
Dreams—Content
The first psychologist to argue
that dreams are an important
part of our emotional lives:
Sigmund Freud
Austrian, 1856-1939
Dreams—Content
Freud: dreams, no matter how
simple or mundane, contain
clues to thought and desires
the dreamer is afraid to
acknowledge or express in
waking hours.
Dreams filled with hidden
means and desires
Dreams—Content
Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts)
Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge
Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;
immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful
experiences, unacceptable desires)
Brain scans: emotional seat of the brain,
& the part that processes all visual inputs
are wide awake; but the systematic &
clear-thinking prefrontal cortex where
caution and organization reside is
dormant
Freud’s view
Two main functions:
1) to guard sleep (by disguising
disruptive thoughts with symbols)
2) To serve as sources of wish
fulfillment.
Freud believed that dreams play their guardian
role by relieving psychic tensions created during
the day. They serve their wish-fulfillment function
by allowing the dreamer to work harmlessly
through unconscious desires. Manifest content
(dream’s story line) vs. latent content (symbolic
meaning of dreams)
No solid scientific support re: latent dream content
Dreams—Content
Most dreams, reported in
research, are commonplace or
even dull.
Dreams we remember & talk
about are “more coherent,
sexier, and generally more
interesting than those collected
in systematic research” (Webb)
Dreams—Content
Most dreams occur in such
commonplace settings as living
rooms, cars, and streets
Dreams—Content
Most dreams involve either
strenuous recreational activities
or
Dreams—Content
. . . passive events such as sitting
and watching, not work or study
Dreams—Content
A large percentage of emotions
experienced in dreams are
negative or unpleasant. . .
Anxiety
Anger
Fear
Dreams—Content
Dreams do NOT occur in a split
second; rather they correspond
to a realistic time scale.
Only a small portion
of dreams are
negative enough
to be considered
nightmares
Dreams—Content
Nightmares—so frightening, we
usually awaken in the middle of
them
Sense of dread—
may be related to intensity
of brain activity and to
stimulation of brain
parts responsible for
emotional reactions.
Dream content: modern findings
Children: large animals
College students: small animals
Women: children
Men: aggressions, weapons, tools
Women: men and women
Men: men 2x more than about women
Dream content: modern findings
Hostile more than friendly (64% had
negative complexion)
Nakedness—Americans vs. other
cultures
Mexican-Americans—more death
Dreams
As night wears on, dreams—
longer, more vivid & dramatic,
especially dreams during REM
sleep.
Hottie!
Amber’s
Room
Dreams
Amounts of REM sleep
increase during the night, so
the last dream is likely to be
the longest and the one
people remember when
they awaken; but can
rarely remember
anything more than
the last 15 minutes
of a dream.
Content changes as night wears on
First dream of the night connects with events
of the previous day
Second REM period: (90 minutes later) may
build on a theme that emerged during the
first REM period
Throughout the night, like a rumor passed
from one person to another
Final dream—only a remote connection to
events of the previous day
Final dream most likely to be remembered
Hobson and McCarley (1977)
Dreams result when the
sleeping brain tries to
make sense of its own
spontaneous bursts of
activity.
Dreams have their origin in periodic neural
discharges emitted by the sleeping brain stem.
As this energy sweeps over the cerebral cortex,
the sleeper experiences impressions of
sensation, memory, motivation, emotion and
movement
Hobson and McCarley (1977)
REM sleep furnishes the brain with an
internal source of needed stimulation, which
promotes the growth and development of the
brain at the time when the sleeping brain has
blocked out external stimulation.
Dream content, therefore, results from brain
activation, not unconscious wishes or other
meaningful mental processes.
Sleep Disorders
Can anyone
define the term
insomnia?
Yes, I can, Ed. It
is a prolonged
and usually
abnormal
inability to obtain
adequate sleep.
Sleep Disorders
How about
narcolepsy?
Who can define the term
sleep apnea?
A sleep disorder in which
a person has trouble
breathing while sleeping,
often caused by a
specific type of snoring.
Narcolepsy: a disorder characterized by
suddenly falling asleep or feeling very
sleepy during the day.
Sleep Disorders
What are nightmares?
Unpleasant dreams.
Sleep Disorders
How about night terrors?
Sleep disruptions that
occur during Stage IV
sleep, involving screaming,
panic or confusion.
Sleep Disorders
How about sleepwalking
or somnambulism?
Walking or carrying out
behaviors while sleeping—
mostly associated with
children, linked to stress,
fatigue, and the use of
sedative medicines
Dreams—Content
Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts)
Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge
Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;
immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful
experiences, unacceptable desires)
Based on what you have
just learned about the
meaning of dreams,
analyze or evaluate any 2
dreams (one paragraph
each) from the following
classic 1980 episode of
M*A*S*H, simply entitled
“Dreams.”
Here are the characters
Major
Houlihan
Colonel Father Charles Klinger Hawkeye
B. J. Potter Mulcahey
Major Houlihan: Army career person
married, divorced, covets a “normal”
life
B. J.: Doctor, very happily married,
hates the war; misses wife terribly
Colonel Potter; career Army; 3rd war;
tired of mending broken young
people; fatigued from the burdens
of command
Father Mulcahey; Catholic chaplain;
often worries that he does not
make a difference as do the doctors
Dr. Charles Winchester; brilliant
surgeon from a wealthy Boston
family; hates the 4077 MASH;
wants desperately out of Korea
Corporal Klinger; company clerk;
hates Korea and the war so much
that he became a transvestite for
more than half of the war; wants to
go home to Toledo, Ohio
Dr. Hawkeye Pierce; brilliant
surgeon but very outspoken
against the war; hates Korea and
the war but will do anything
he can to save the lives of
wounded soldiers
OK, you people. Select any 2
dreams, briefly describe what
happened and then analyze
what it was about. Be Freudian
in your analysis.
Dream Moods
Dreams—Content
Dream Control
Dream Dictionary
Dream Moods
Swoon.com
A form of altered consciousness
in which people become highly
suggestible and do not use
their critical thinking skills
People can be made
conscious of things
they are usually
unaware of & unaware
of things they usually
notice.
Hypnosis does not put people
to sleep.
Hypnotic trance—different from
sleep: subjects become highly
receptive and responsive to
certain internal and external
stimuli.
Focus attention on one tiny
aspect of reality & ignore other
inputs.
Hypnotist induces a trance by
slowly persuading a subject to
relax and lose interest in
external distractions
Environment of trust (those who
cannot be hypnotized generally do
not trust the hypnotist)
Subject NOT under hypnotist’s
“power.” Cannot be forced to
do things against her/his will.
Together, hypnotist and subject
try to learn more about how the
subject’s mind works or solve
a problem
Posthypnotic suggestion:
Hypnotists suggest things for
their subjects to remember
after the trance is over.
Helpful in changing unwanted
behaviors, such as smoking or
overeating.
Here is a film clip from the
classic TV series M*A*S*H
in which the character Dr.
Sidney Freedman (Allan
Arbus, below), a
psychiatrist, uses hypnosis
to help a patient with
amnesia
Here is another film clip
from the classic TV series
M*A*S*H in which the
character, Dr. Sidney
Freedman (Allan Arbus,
below), a psychiatrist, uses
hypnosis to help another
patient through posthypnotic
suggestion.
Hypnotizability
Single most important factor: the
participant’s susceptibility
(responsiveness to standardized
suggestions)
The Role Theory of
hypnosis: people with
rich fantasy lives are
more hypnotizable
Acting out a social role
under hypnosis
I’m
Joycelyn:
a world
famous
rock star!
Ernest R. Hilgard
Pioneer in study of hypnosis
Part of the mind cannot be
hypnotized
Hidden Observer—the real
self that has not been conditioned by
outside influences
Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis:
Indicates that hypnosis might involve a
dissociation (separation from the psyche)
of consciousness into different levels
Hypnotic analgesia
Use hypnosis to
manage pain
Example: Lamaze for
childbirth
Our next altered state of
consciousness, meditation,
can be quite helpful to
maintaining psychological as
well as physical health. Let’s
begin by watching a film clip
from the 2005 movie:
“Something’s Got to Give.”
Focusing attention on an image
or thought with the goal of
clearing one’s mind and
producing an “inner peace.”
Colors can become more vivid
Not as easily distracted;
mentally merge with objects
Transcendental Meditation
Westernized version of
yoga meditation
techniques
Two 20-minute
periods daily, sit in
a comfortable position
and repeat a mantra
Causes deep relaxation.
Research: most people can
benefit from the sort of
systematic relaxation that
meditation provides.
Research still is
inconclusive.
Walter Cannon: “Fight or flight
response:”
Elements needed for
a relaxation response:
Quiet environment
Comfortable position
Mental device (mantra
or physical object)
Passive attitude
Try this meditation technique tonight:
1. Take a few moments and form your lips into
a half smile;
2. Hold this half smile for at least 10 minutes
as you go about your ordinary activities
Did you notice a shift in how you acted and
responded to others? Did others respond to
you differently? Record and analyze
(1-paragraph) your experiences.
Psychoactive drugs impair the brain
mechanisms that usually help us make
good decisions.
Agonists: fit into receptor sites for
specific neurotransmitters and produce
similar results
Antagonists: mimic neurotransmitters
and block their receptor sites
Psychoactive drugs impair the brain
mechanisms that usually help us make
good decisions.
Hallucinogens produce changes in
consciousness by altering perceptions,
creating hallucinations and blurring the
boundary between self and the external
world
Mescaline Psilocybin
LSD
PCP
Cannabis
Opiates—made from the opium poppy—
highly addictive drugs that suppress
physical sensation and response to
stimulation—mimic endorphins, producing
Euphoric, dreamy states
Morphine Heroin Codeine Methadone
Depressants—drugs that slow the mental
and physical activity of the body by
inhibiting activity in the central nervous
system
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Alcohol
Stimulants speed up central nervous
system activity, boosting mental and
physical activity levels
Cocaine (crack)
Caffeine
Amphetamine
Nicotine
Perceptions that have no direct
external cause—seeing, hearing,
smelling, tasting, or feeling
things that do not exist.
People hallucinate
when they are
dreaming and when
they are deprived of
opportunity to
sleep.
Periods of high emotion,
concentration or fatigue may
also produce false sensations
and perceptions.
Truck drivers on long hauls
Even daydreams involve minor
hallucinations.
Usually are in color
Learning to control your internal
physiological processes with
the help of feedback from those
physiological states.
Used to teach people
how to control many
physiological
responses: brain
waves, heart rate, blood pressure
Basic principle: feedback makes
learning possible.
Our bodies—not
designed to
provide subtle
feedback about
internal physiological states.
Biofeedback uses machines to
tell people about very subtle,
moment-to-moment changes in
the body.
Has been used to
treat conditions
from partial
paralysis to epilepsy
Very active area of research.
Hello Mustang psych
students. I’m John
McEnroe. A few years
ago I hosted a TV quiz
show, called The Chair,
that used biofeedback as
its basis. Here is a scene
from one of those shows.
Note how the contestant
had to use biofeedback.
For many years,
psychologists have been
critical of my theories.
Now we are going to read
an article that says my
theories are being
validated by modern
technology. Read the
article and be prepared to
discuss the findings.
The Limbic
System
Cingulate gyrus
Anterior nucleus of
thalamus
Thalamus
Para-olfactory
area
Fornix
Mamillary bodies of
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Uncus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Para-hippocampal
gyrus
Hello Mustang A. P. psych
students. I am author Tom
Clancy and in my book, The
Cardinal of the Kremlin, I
included a chapter in which a
woman named Svetlana was
tortured by use of sensory
deprivation, which is a form of
altered consciousness. In
your groups, read the chapter
together and then discuss the
key elements of sensory
deprivation described in the
passage.