Transcript Safe Routes to School Pennsylvania Adult Crossing Guard Procedures and Techniques www.dot.state.pa.us.

Safe Routes to School Pennsylvania
Adult Crossing Guard Procedures and Techniques
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LOGISTICS
• Sign-in procedures
• Facility information
• Handouts
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PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
• Know the full responsibilities, as well as the
limitations of the duties, of a competent crossing
guard
• Recognize the ways that the behavior of children
is different from adults, and how these
differences can create safety issues when
crossing streets
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PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
• Be able to demonstrate the techniques and
procedures used by crossing guards to safely
assist children across roadways
• Be able to demonstrate the ability to
appropriately handle incidents and report those
incidents correctly
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COURSE OVERVIEW
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Why We Need Crossing Guards
Introduction to Crossing Guard Responsibilities
Traffic Control
Traffic Operations
Common Hazards
Tools and Accessories Used by Crossing Guards
The Crossing Procedure
Other Job Considerations
Skills Practice
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WHY WE NEED CROSSING GUARDS
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WHY WE NEED CROSSING GUARDS
• Background
• Relationship (of Crossing Guards) to Children
• Characteristics of Children
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Background
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Walking and bicycling to school are more popular
Children are vulnerable
Adult Crossing Guards help
This is the first statewide Crossing Guard training
in Pennsylvania
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Relationship to Children
• Keep children on sidewalk or roadside until safe
to cross
• Lead children across roadway when safe
• Maintain discipline to the degree that children are
safe
• Instruct children about crossing safely
– May also need to instruct parents of children
• Be observant of dangers to children
• Be a positive role model
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Relationship to Children
• Children are not naturally safe
– Perceptions of the world are different than adults’
– Physical capabilities are different than adults’
– Cognitive capabilities are different than adults’
• Children can learn to be safe
• Children need assistance in locations where
safety risks are higher
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Characteristics of Children
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See differently
Hear differently
Are unaware of closure speeds
Mix fantasy with reality
Focus on one event at a time
Are spontaneous and curious
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Characteristics of Children
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Will complete any motion they start
Overestimate their abilities
Model their actions after others
Possess a different system of logic than adults
Treasure near misses
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See Differently
• Capable of 2/3 the peripheral vision of adults
– Healthy adults: approximately 180°
– Healthy children: approximately 120°
Child
Adult
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Hear Differently
• Have difficulty recognizing the sources of sounds
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Are Unaware of Closure Speeds
• Have difficulty judging
– Distance
– Closure speed
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Mix Fantasy with Reality
• Sometimes think inanimate objects are alive
Let’s Play!
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Focus on One Event at a Time
• Focus is limited to one event or thought at a time
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Are Spontaneous and Curious
• Will suddenly follow their curiosity
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Will Complete Any Motion They Start
• Will not respond to a new event, even if danger
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Overestimate Their Abilities
• May think they can run faster or change direction
more quickly than they really can
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Model Their Actions After Others
• Learn from the people around them
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Other children
Adults
Good
Bad
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Possess a Different System of Logic Than
Adults
• Adult logic
– If moving cars can hurt us
– And moving cars are in the street
– Then running into the street can hurt us
• Child logic
– If moving cars can hurt us
– And moving cars are in the street
– We can just run between the cars so they don’t hit us
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Treasure Near Misses
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INTRODUCTION TO CROSSING
GUARD RESPONSIBILITIES
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INTRODUCTION TO CROSSING GUARD
RESPONSIBILITIES
• Orientation to Agency
• Primary Crossing Guard Responsibilities
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Orientation to Agency
• Standard Operating Procedures
• Contacts
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Standard Operating Procedures
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Structure of the employing agency
Local ordinances
Policies and procedures
School calendar
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Contacts
• Your supervisor
• Law enforcement / Emergency
• Schools
– Main offices
– Principals
– Hours
• Crossing Guards
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Names
Telephone numbers
Posts
Time of Posts
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Primary Crossing Guard Responsibilities
• Federal and State Regulations
• Cooperation with Vehicular Traffic
• Relationship to Safety Patrols
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Federal Regulations
• FHWA’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control
Devices (MUTCD), 2009
– Chapter 7D. Crossing Supervision
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7D.01
7D.02
7D.03
7D.04
7D.05
Types of Crossing Supervision
Adult Crossing Guards
Qualifications of Adult Crossing Guards
Uniform of Adult Crossing Guards
Operating Procedures for Adult Crossing Guards
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State Regulations
• Title 67 § 101 Authorizing Appropriately Attired
Persons to Direct, Control or Regulate Traffic
– § 101.2. Persons authorized to direct traffic.
• (2) Adult school crossing guards for assisting school
children across busy or hazardous highways.
– § 101.3. Minimum Attire
• (2) Adult school crossing guards shall wear as a minimum
a safety vest or safety belt manufactured from
retroreflective and fluorescent material visible both day and
night at 300 feet to approaching motorists.
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Cooperation With Vehicular Traffic
• Look for gaps in traffic
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Look LEFT-RIGHT-LEFT
Look over shoulder for turning vehicles
Listen
Keep scanning while in roadway
• Use gaps in traffic to lead children across
• STOP paddle and hand signals only stop traffic
• Do not direct vehicular turning movements
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Relationship to Safety Patrols
• School safety patrols are school children trained
and authorized to assist with crossings
• Safety patrols may be deployed to assist an adult
crossing guard
• Safety patrols assisting an adult crossing guard
shall not stop traffic
• Useful at:
– Wide crossings
– Locations with heavy pedestrian volumes
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TRAFFIC CONTROL
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TRAFFIC CONTROL
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Traffic Laws and Regulations
Signs
Pavement Markings
Traffic Signals
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Traffic Laws and Regulations
• Motorists must obey signals from crossing guards
• Motorists must obey posted speed limits
• Motorists must stop when school bus lights are
flashing and the stop sign is extended
• Motorists must yield to pedestrians
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Traffic Laws and Regulations
• Motorists must yield to pedestrians on all turns
• Motorists exiting a driveway must yield to
pedestrians
• Bicyclists must ride with traffic
• Children should walk their bicycles in a marked
crossing
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Signs
• Stop and Yield Signs
• School Zone Signs
• Portable School Zone Signs
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Stop and Yield Signs
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School Zone Signs
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School Zone Signs
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School Zone Signs
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School Zone Signs
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School Zone Signs
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Pavement Markings
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Pavement Marking Colors
Crosswalks
Stop bars
Word and symbol markings
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Pavement Marking Colors
• Yellow: delineate traffic flow in opposite
direction
• White: delineate traffic flow in same
direction
• Red: delineate roadways that shall not be
entered
• Blue: delineate parking spaces for people
with disabilities
• Purple: EZ Pass lanes
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Crosswalks
• Intersections:
– Guide pedestrians
– Warn motorists of pedestrian crossing point
• Non-intersection locations
– Legally establish the crosswalk
– Pedestrian crossing sign recommended
• Shall be solid white lines
greater than 6 in. wide & spaced not less than 6 ft. apart
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Crosswalk Markings
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Midblock Crosswalks
• At an intersection:
– Crosswalk is the extension of a sidewalk or shoulder
– Across the intersection
– Whether marked or not
• At midblock:
– There is not an extension of the sidewalk across the
roadway
– For a crosswalk to exist –
– A crosswalk must be marked
– No markings – no crosswalk
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Crosswalk Cross-Hatching
(Diagonal or Longitudinal)
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Decorative Crosswalks
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Stop Bars
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Word and Symbol Markings
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Traffic Signals
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Signal Terminology
Phases
Timing
Protective turn phase
Flashing beacons
Pedestrian signals
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Signal Terminology
• Signal Face
– Contains 3, 4, or 5
sections
Section
• Signal Section
– Each light is a section
– Must be red, green,
or yellow
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Signal Terminology
• Interval - Period of time that one color
illuminates on the signal face
Yellow Interval
Red Interval
Green Interval
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Signal Terminology
• Cycle - Series of all intervals
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Phases
• Phase - Defined by traffic movement allowed
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Signal Timing
• Fixed signal
Operates independent
of time of day or traffic
patterns
• Actuated signal
Changes based on
time of day or traffic
pattern
• Coordinated signal
Operates within a
series of synchronized
signals
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Signal Timing
• Cycle length:
60 to 120 seconds
• Green phase:
5 to 40 seconds
• Yellow phase:
3 to 6 seconds
• All red phase:
1.5 to 6 seconds
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Signalized Operation
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Signalized Operation
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Signalized Operation
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Pedestrian Signals
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Walk indication
Flashing Don’t Walk indication
Steady Don’t Walk indication
Countdown signals
Other
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Walk indication
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Steady Don’t Walk Indication
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Countdown Signals
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Pedestrian Cycle Button
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TRAFFIC OPERATIONS
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TRAFFIC OPERATIONS
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Speed limits
Required stops
Turning movements
Parent pickup/drop-off
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Speed Limits
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Required Stops
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Turning Movements
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Parent Pickup/Drop-Off
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COMMON HAZARDS
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COMMON HAZARDS
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Sight obstructions
Walkway obstructions
Common Crash Types
Drivers
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Sight Obstructions
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Corner Sight Distance
Stopping Sight Distance
Parked cars
Signs
Mail boxes
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Corner Sight Distance
CSD
Eye
Height = 3.5’
Object
Height = 3.5’
10’
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Stopping Sight Distance
Eye
Height = 3.5’
2’ Object
Height
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Parked Cars
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Signs
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Mail Boxes
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Walkway Obstructions
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Standing water or mud
Broken pavement
No sidewalk
Vegetation
Loose domesticated mammals
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Standing Water or Mud
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Broken Pavement
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No Sidewalk
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Vegetation
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Loose Domesticated Mammals
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Common Crash Types
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Dart-out
Vehicle Turn/Merge
Multiple Threat
Bus-stop Related
Parent Pickup/Drop-off and/or Vendor
Intersection Dash
Backing-up Vehicle
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Dart-out at Crosswalk
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Dart-out at Mid-block
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Vehicle Turn/Merge – Right Turn
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Vehicle Turn/Merge – Left Turn
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Multiple Threat – One Way Multiple Lanes
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Multiple Threat – Two Way Traffic
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Bus Stop Related
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Parent Pickup/Drop-Off and/or Vendor
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Intersection Dash
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Backing Vehicle
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Drivers
• Take 30 to 120 actions per minute
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Accelerate
Brake
Make steering correction
Activate turn signal
Dim headlight
Distracted driving
• Commit at least one error every two minutes
– Follow too closely
– Encroach into adjacent lane
– Drive too fast
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Common Driver Errors – Signalized
Intersections
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Don’t see the intersection or traffic signals
Not in the correct lane
Indecision at Yellow indication
Approaching the intersection too fast
Not seeing conflicts in the intersection
Turning left without proper gap
Misinterpreting signs
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Common Driver Errors – Unsignalized
Intersections
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Don’t see the intersection
Don’t judge gaps well
Approaching the intersection too fast
Running a STOP sign
Not yielding the right of way
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TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES USED BY
CROSSING GUARDS
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TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES USED BY
CROSSING GUARDS
• Devices
• Uniform
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Devices
• Required
– Retroreflective STOP paddle
• Optional
– Retroreflective gloves
– Whistle
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Retroreflective STOP Paddle
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Retroreflective Gloves
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Whistle
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Uniform
• Required
– Fluorescent and retroreflective vest
– Fluorescent rainwear
• Optional
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Uniform slacks or skirt
Uniform shirt
Agency identification sleeve patch
Hat or cap
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Fluorescent and Retroreflective Vest
• Class 2: Necessary for
greater visibility
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During inclement weather
Where background is more
complex
Is close to moving traffic
and vehicles
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Fluorescent Rainwear
• Standard of visibility is still
required in the rain
– Wear fluorescent rainwear, if
available
– If not available, wear your
fluorescent vest over your
regular rainwear
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Required Tools/Accessories Overview
• Required
– Retroreflective STOP paddle
– Fluorescent and retroreflective vest*
– Fluorescent rainwear or vest over regular rainwear
• Recommended but not required:
– Retroreflective gloves
– Whistle
*Title 67 § 101.3 allows safety belts
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THE CROSSING PROCEDURE
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THE CROSSING PROCEDURE
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Scanning
Signals
Use of Hands/STOP Paddle
Communication with children
Safe Gap Assessment
Crossing Procedure
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Scanning
• Look:
– Left – Right – Left
– Over your shoulder
– Listen
• Continue scanning after traffic has stopped
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Signals
• Communicate
– Uniform
– Clearly informative
– Both pedestrians and motorists
• Hand signals
– Mainly for motorists and bicyclists
– Can be used for pedestrians
– Establish eye contact
• Verbal messages
– Mainly for pedestrians
– Establish eye contact
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Use of Hands/Paddle
• Hold arm parallel to ground
– Hold STOP paddle to indicate stop, or
– Hold up gloved hand, showing palm to traffic
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Give stop signal while in roadway
Give stop signal even if no traffic
Give stop signal until you are out of the roadway
Signal motorists to proceed from the side of the
roadway
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Communication with Children
• Children should wait to be crossed
– Stand one step back from the curb or edge of roadway
– Gather as a group
– Socializing is okay here, but not in the crosswalk
• Remind gathered children of scanning procedure
• Remind children to:
– Stay in the crosswalk
– Walk bicycles in crosswalk
– Continue scanning until out of the roadway
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Safe Gap Assessment
• Recognize speed of approaching vehicles
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Experience
Watch for speed that is not common
Large vehicles may be moving faster than they appear
Small vehicles may be moving slower than they appear
• Visualize safe stopping distance
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Drivers do not immediately slow or stop
Drivers need to think and decide
Cars need time to decelerate after brakes are applied
The faster the speed, the more distance to think and
decide
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Safe Gap Assessment
MPH
Feet/
Second
Perception/
Reaction
Distance
Braking
Distance
Total
Stopping
Distance
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14.7’
23.5’
5.4’
28.9’
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22.0’
35.2’
12.1’
47.3’
20
29.3’
46.9’
21.6’
68.5’
25
36.7’
58.7’
33.6’
92.3’
30
44.0’
70.4’
48.4’
118.8’
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51.3’
82.1’
66.0’
148.1’
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58.7’
93.9’
85.6’
179.5’
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66.0’
105.6’
108.9’
214.5’
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73.3’
117.3’
134.6’
251.9’
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80.7’
129.1’
162.6’
291.7’
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Safe Gap Assessment
See
Brake
Stop
STO
P
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Crossing Procedure
• Paths of Potential Conflict at Crosswalk
• Crossing Procedure – Step by step
• Key crossing points
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Paths of Potential Conflict at Crosswalk
Far Side
Near Side
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Curbside Assembly
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Curbside Assembly
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Select Gap
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Enter Crosswalk
STO
P
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Enter Crosswalk
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STO
P
Stop Far-Side Traffic
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Stop Far-Side Traffic
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Take Position
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Take Position
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Cross Children
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Cross Children
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Complete Crossing
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Complete Crossing
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Return to Roadside
STO
P
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Return to Roadside
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STOP Paddle Down
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STOP Paddle Down
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Key Crossing Points
• Manage gaps in traffic
– Lengthen
– Create
• At signalized intersections
– Always cross when light is red for motorists
– Always use pedestrian signals when available
• Scan for traffic
– Left-Right-Left
– Over the shoulder for turning vehicles
– Listen
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Crossing Details
• Make eye contact
– First approaching motorists
– Each lane
• Use whistle to get attention of problem motorist
• Follow the same, proper procedure
– All the time
– Even when traffic is light
• Do not cross children if:
– Any traffic is moving
– Any vehicles are in the crosswalk
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Crossing Details
• After all traffic has stopped
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Move to crosswalk where you can see traffic and children
Signal children to cross with free hand
Continue to hold STOP paddle in correct position
Remain until last child in group has moved from roadway
• Check crosswalk for stragglers
• Move from the crosswalk, continuing to display the
STOP paddle
• Lower the STOP paddle after leaving the roadway
• Wait for the next group of children
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OTHER JOB CONSIDERATIONS
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OTHER JOB CONSIDERATIONS
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Reporting
Visibility/Conspicuity
Inclement Weather
Risk Management
Courtesy Crossing Adults
Public Image
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Reporting
• Dial 911 first for:
– Crashes
• Call your supervisor first for:
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Your illness
Student illness
Hazardous conditions
Operations malfunctions
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Reporting
• Call your supervisor second (after 911) for:
– Crashes
• For child safety issues:
– Follow your employer’s policy
– Some prefer calling:
• 911
• Municipal Operations Center
• School District office
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Visibility/Conspicuity
• Visibility
• Conspicuity
• Visual clutter
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Visibility
• Able to be seen
– Bright clothing
– Retroreflective vest
– Retroreflective paddle
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Conspicuity
• Noticeable – attracting attention
– Visibility
– Behavior
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Precise
Firm
Clear
Standard
Expected
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Visual Clutter
• All the things a driver sees
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Signs
Poles
Parked cars
Fire hydrants
Vegetation
• Crossing guard must stand out
– Be visible
– Be conspicuous
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What a Driver Sees
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What a Driver Sees
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What a Driver Sees
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Inclement Weather
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Conditions
Consequence
Appropriate responses to weather
Appropriate attire
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Conditions
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Sun
Rain
Wind
Snow
Ice
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Conditions
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Consequences
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Sun
Rain
Wind
Snow
Ice
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Sunburn, sharp visual contrasts
Chill or cold, flat visual contrasts
Chill or cold, STOP paddle weight
Cold, slippery, flat visual contrasts
Cold, slippery
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Appropriate Responses to Weather
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Sun
Rain
Wind
Snow
Ice
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Sunscreen, sunglasses
Raincoat, hat with brim
Jacket, tie-on hat, relax hands
Coat, hat with brim, boots
Boots, traction devices
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Risk Management
• First Aid
• Good Samaritan Law
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First Aid
• Protect yourself first!
• Don’t attempt to help if injured
• If not hurt, try to prevent additional damage or
injury
a) Protect the area
b) Notify authorities
c) Care for the injured
• Remember: Not every crash scene is the same
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First Aid
• If a qualified person is at the scene, stay out of
the way
• Do not move a severely injured person unless
there is a greater danger
• Stop bleeding by applying direct pressure to
wound
• Keep the injured person warm
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Good Samaritan Law
• PA Good Samaritan Act
– A nonmedical person who renders aid with good intent
cannot be held liable for civil damages
– Persons must be certified in first aid, advanced life
saving, or basic life support
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Courtesy Crossing Adults
• Follow your agency’s policy for crossing adults
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Public Image
• Personal conduct
• Professional attire
• Use of mobile devices
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Personal Conduct
•
•
•
•
•
Arrive on time, not too early
Stand at post – never sit
Maintain self-control
Be firm, courteous, pleasant
Exhibit behavior that projects a positive image of
your agency
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Professional Attire
• Wear a uniform, if required
• Neat appearance for occasion and weather
• Be well-groomed
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Use of Mobile Devices
• Use cellular telephones only for:
– Emergency calls
– Coordination with supervisors
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Questions
• Any questions?
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Safe Routes to School Program
• The SRTS Program may be able to assist with
funding vests and STOP paddles
• SRTS offers non-infrastructure grants that may
be able to help
• Visit the SRTS website at:
http://saferoutespa.org/
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Application of Skills
• Congratulations!
– This concludes the classroom portion of the training
– You made it this far!
• Next is practice
– We will practice holding the equipment properly
– We will practice the crossing procedure
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SKILLS PRACTICE
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