Transcript Week: 3 Energy Budgets Dr. Ir. Happy Nursyam, MS Energy Budgets Intake ( I = Income) • Macronutrients – Carbohydrates – Fats/Oils – Proteins • Micronutrients – Vitamins – Essential •

Week: 3
Energy Budgets
Dr. Ir. Happy Nursyam, MS
Energy Budgets
Intake ( I = Income)
• Macronutrients
– Carbohydrates
– Fats/Oils
– Proteins
• Micronutrients
– Vitamins
– Essential
• Fatty Acids
• Amino Acids
• Sugars
Energy Use (E = Expenditure)
• Respiration
• Osmoregulation
• Movement
• Feeding
• Digestion
•
IF
I=E
I<E
I>E
Reproduction
Growth = 0
Growth =
Growth = +
A Transition Zone - Energetics
Hormonal Control
Ingestion
Storage
Mobilization
Lipid
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate
Protein
Growth
Adsorption
Renal
Stomach
Intestinal
Excretion
Reproduction
Bioenergetics Models
Basic Bioenergetics Equation
Consumption = Growth – Respiration – Waste or C = G – R – W
Expanded Equation
Consumption = Growth – Standard Metabolism – Activity – Digestion – Feces – Urine
Or C = G – RS – RA – RD – F – U
Winberg Equation
G – 2 RS
Consumption = ------------------------1 – (RD + F = U)
Production Based Model
Production (Over Specified Interval) = Growth (Over Interval) X Mean Biomass
(Over Interval Or P = G . B)
Bioenergetics (Continued)
Bioenergetics
External Energy Demands
Homeostatic Energy Expenditures
Energetics – A Question of Temperature
First Order Kinetic Equations for Enzyme Action
T1
V = Vmax
V=
T0
Vmax
2
S'
S0
0
i
V = Velocity of the reaction
S = Substrate concentration
= Initial velocity at start of reaction
S 0 = Initial substrate concentration at start of reaction
i
Second Order Kinetic Equations
T0
1
V
T1
1
V max
slope =
1
Km
1/S
0
V = Velocity of the reaction
S = Substrate concentration
= Initial velocity at start of reaction
S 0 = Initial substrate concentration at start of reaction
i
V max
Energetics (Continued)
• Proteins and Amino Acids
– Fish have higher protein requirements than terrestrial
vertebrates (20 – 55% vs. 12 – 25%)
– Carnivores – High up to 60% of diet
• Low cost associated with homeothermy in cold temperature
• Ease of excretion
– Herbivores
• Can digestion protein
• But depending on experimental conditions growth vs. %
protein in diet will vary
• Limiting factor is essential amino acids
Energetics – Some Considerations
• Use of Fish Protein vs. Plant Protein
– Fish meal is becoming and issue
– Salmon offal often contains pathogens
requiring pasteurization
– Examples
• Salmon use Salmon
• Tilapia use poultry waste
• Growth is Protein Based
Constraints on Growth
• Food Quality
– Digestible vs. Indigestible
• Ratio
• Availability of Digestible
– Micro Macro Nutrient Ratio
• Prey (sasaran) Shifting
• Ontogenetic Shifts
• Food Quantity
– Prey Availability
• Herbivore Compensation
– Microbial Digestion to Produce VFAs
Protein Based Energy Assimilation
Nature of Food
Increasing Protein
Invertebrates
Algae
Macrophytes
Detritus
Increasing Energy Assimilation