Transcript Chapter 10: Water: Process, Supply, & Use Water cycle - fig p 304 water moves through the system     ocean atmosphere precipitation land    glaciers lakes streams distribution & residence time -

Chapter 10: Water: Process,
Supply, & Use
Water cycle - fig p 304
water moves through the system
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ocean
atmosphere
precipitation
land
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glaciers
lakes
streams
distribution & residence time - table p 305
Surface Water
watershed - drainage basin
supply factors
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geology
basin shape, relief, slope, efficiency
orientation to storms
precipitation - type, intensity, duration, annual
variation
vegetation (trees, grass, crops, none)
animals
groundwater flow
Surface Water
Sediment yield
geology
 topography
 climate
 vegetation
 land-use
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Groundwater
What is the source of groundwater?
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recharge
precipitation (ultimate source
 influent -losing stream
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groundwater distribution
fig p 309 & 310
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zone of aeration
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vadose/unsaturated
zone
capillary fringe
classification of
units
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aquifer
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water table
zone of saturation
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unconfined
confined
perched
artesian
aquitard/aquiclude
groundwater discharge
effluent/gaining stream - base flow
spring
well
groundwater flow
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Darcy’s law Q=KiA
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K = hydraulic conductivity - table p 312
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permeability
porosity
i = hydraulic gradient = h/l
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h
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• difference in water table elevation
• water flows from hi pressure to low pressure
l = distance between wells
A = x-sectional area
rate of flow - cm/day (at best
 residence time
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wells
fig p 311
cone of depression
artesian
yield
mining
groundwater-surface water
interaction
gaining and losing streams - fig p
310, 315
springs
karst
sinkholes
 disappearing streams
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Water supply
Water budget
Input (rain\run on
 output
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runoff
 withdrawal
 subsurface flow
 evaporation
 transpiration
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flood vs drought
in-stream use
surface water
types - graph p 320
navigation
 power
 habitat
 recreation
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off-stream
GW and surface
consumptive and sewage
types
agricultural
 residential - (inc. drinking)
 industrial & commercial
 municipal
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out of basin
use trends - fig p 322
agriculture - #1 (decreasing)
electric power generation - #2
(decreasing)
residential (increasing)
commercial & industrial (decreasing)
water management
supply vs demand
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volume over time
overdraft - fig p 313
develop supplies
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wells
reservoirs
aquaducts - fig p 320
reallocation of use
conservation
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increase efficiency of use
recycling
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reuse of waste water
surface water rights
riparian
adjacent landowner
 goes with property
 east of Miss
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prior appropriation
volume per year
 separate from other property rights
 west of Miss
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groundwater rights
absolute ownership (pump at will)
reasonable use
 correlative rights
 all owners =
 safe yield is divided
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prior appropriation
Chapter 11: Water Pollution
Water pollution
Degradation of water quality
biological
 chemical
 physical
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Pollutants
Biochemical oxygen demand
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mg/1 of O2 consumed over 5 days at
20degrees C
agricultural runoff - nutrient
sewage
pathogenic organisms
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human disease - cholera and typhoid
Fecal coliform bacteria
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threshold 200 cells/100 ml water
Pollutants
nutrients
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phosphorous
nitrogen (blue baby syndrome)
oil
toxic substances
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hazardous chemicals
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organics
pesticides
PCB’s & dioxins
heavy metals
radioactive material
sediment
thermal
pollutant migration
source
route
target
Surface water pollution
sources
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Point sources
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sewage
industrial
Non-point sources
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farms - nutrients & seds
mines - acid & seds
state
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Dissolved - short residence time
Sediment borne - long residence time
event - long term vs single event
Surface water pollution
migration
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routes
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direct
washed in
seepage from banks
fate
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deposited
diluted
consumed
evaporate
effected targets
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water supplies
environmental
treatment
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eliminate source
excavate sediment
treat water
Groundwater pollution sources
table p 344
point sources
LUST
 landfills
 septic systems
 feedlots and ag
 injection wells
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non-point
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ag
groundwater pollution
Migration
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route
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down gradient
down hill
fate
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dissolves and disperses
LNAPLS - floats
DNAPLES - sinks
vaporizes
attaches to earth materials
effected targets
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wells
surface water
groundwater treatment
site characterization
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geology and
hydrology
contaminates
targets
risk assessment
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isolation
corrective action
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remove source
clean (impossible?)table p 347
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GW extraction smearing wells/trenches
vapor extraction
sparging
bioremediation
treatment beds
Saltwater intrusion
fig p 347
near coast
desalinization (expensive)
water quality standards
fig p 348
set by government
science
 politics
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Wastewater treatment
Septic tank sewage disposal
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Geologic factors
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type of soil composition, permeability
depth to water table and seasonal variation
depth to bed rock
topography
municipal - fig p 351
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objectives
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convert organic matter to stable form
reduce volume of sludge
destroy/control harmful bugs
produce usable by-products
alternatives
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wetland
renovation - fig p 353
Chapter 12: Mineral
Resources
Unique characteristics of
mineral resources
non-renewable (on human scale
produced by very slow processes
 easily depleted
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often occur in small localized bodies
easy to find and exploit
 hard to find and exploit
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Geographic location - not evenly
distributed
Uses of mineral resources
table p 359
metal production - abundant and
scarce
building materials
chemical industry
agriculture
necessary for life (ie. NaCl)
Resources and reserves
fig p 361
potentially useful materials
identified
useable
legally retrievable
economically viable
decreasing supplies  increased
value  improves economic viability
Consumption
fig p 362
rapid
slower
with conservation
 with recycling
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Geology of Mineral
Resources
ore - economically useful
concentration of metallic minerals
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concentration factors - table p 365
examples - table p 365
Igneous processes
kimberlite - fig p 366
layered intrusions
pegmatites - late stage solutions
hydrothermal - fig p 366
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dissolves minerals & moves them to a new
location
veins
cavity filling
replacement
Metamorphism
contact - fig p 366
regional
effect of plate tectonics
p 370-371
Sedimentary processes
sand and gravel deposits
ore and mineral deposits
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placers - streams and beaches - fig p 368
evaporates - fig p 367
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salt domes
gypsum
CaCO2
brines
banded iron deposits
Biological processes
calcium shells
phosphate
bones
 guano
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Weathering - fig p 369
residual minerals from rock body (ie
bauxite
residual ore deposit
secondary enrichment of ore bodies
From Sea
Sea water
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salts
magnesium
Deep ocean floor
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ocean ridges
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black smokers
sulfides
manganese oxide nodules
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Mn 24%, Fe 14%, Cu 1%, Ni 1%, Co 25%
mm to cm in diameter
1 to 5mm/million yrs
Environmental impact
exploration - small
development – large
mining effects
 refining
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slag - refining waste
mining effects
surface vs underground
topographic changes
aesthetic
sediment
groundwater and surface water pollution
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leachate & acid runoff
air quality
biological
social impact
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rapid influx of workers
demand on local resources
closure
restoration & reclamation
env regulations
biotechnology
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bioleaching
water treatment - fig p 378
return site to near original state if possible
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high volume extraction - difficult to reclaim
may send slag back to mine
new use for site
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landfill
recreation
Recycling
reuse of mined materials
extends life of resource
Chapter 13: Energy
Resources
energy consumption
U.S. - fig p 385
Coal
coal forming process - fig p 387
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organic material falls into low oxygen environment
burial
Classification - fig p 387
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Lignite
Subbituminous
Bituminous
Anthracite
Sulfur content
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low 0-1%
med 1-3%
high >3%
Coal Deposits - fig p 389
Impact of coal mining
strip mining
disturbs large areas
 reclamation
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underground
subsidence
fires
future use (expand?
Oil and Gas
formation - fig p 393
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natural gas (methane)
biological decomposition of organic
material in a no oxygen environment
 thermal decomposition of organic material
in a no oxygen environment
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petroleum: thermal decomposition of
organic material in a no oxygen
environment (must be just right temp
and pressure)
characteristics of a
petroleum or gas field
fig p 393, 394
source rock - organic-rich oceanic deposits
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shale
limestone
reservoir rock
cap rock
trap structure
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dome
anticline
fault
unconformity
oil & pet. recovery
primary
enhanced (secondary
oil & pet. distribution
fig p 395, 396
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sed rx <500MY old
largest fields - recent tectonic activity
pressure and temp
structure
other resources
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methane hydrate
Oil shale
Tar sands
Impact of pet. and gas
exploration and development
roads
drilling
old - straight down, multiple sites
 new - multi directional, one site - fig p
399
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wastewater
transportation - spills
refining
Acid rain
figs p 402, 403
source
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SOx
NOx
effect - damage
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vegetation
water ecosystems
human structures
solutions
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buffer lakes
clean emissions
clean fuel
Nuclear fission
resources
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U 238 (not fissionable, but converts to
Plutonium 239
U 235 (fissionable
Uranium ore
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U238 993%
U235 07% (enriched to 3%
process - split atomic nulcei
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burning reactor
breeder reactor
fission: environmental effects
problems
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highly toxic (some
difficult to contain (some
long-lived (some
bad publicity (bombs
could be used by bad people
reactors
waste
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low-level
trans-uranic: WIPP - fig p 415
high-level: Yucca Mtn - fig p 416
Fusion
4H  1He (sun
hard to contain
high energy
low waste
Geothermal
geology
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high geothermal gradients - fig p 419
hot springs and geysers
hydrothermal convection systems
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vapor dominated - fig p 420
hot water dominated - fig p 420
environmental impact
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depletes system
may be stinky & noisy
future - good
Renewable energy sources
solar
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direct
collectors - fig p 425
 photovoltaic
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passive
hydrogen fuel cell
burns to produce water
 must use energy to produce hydrogen
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Renewable energy sources
water power
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types
hydroelectric
 pump storage
 tidal
 run-of-river
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impact - dams
large
 small
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Renewable energy sources
wind power
biomass
trees - wood
 dung
 peat
 other plants
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reduced energy use
conservation
cogeneration - use of waste heat
efficiency
energy policy
hard path vs soft path
sustainablity
Chapter 14: Soils &
Environment
soil composition
organics
air
water
weathered earth materials (parent
material)
soil parent material
mechanical weathering
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smaller, rounder pieces (if moved)
chemical weathering
feldspars and water = clays
 calcite - dissolves
 organics - dissolve - acidify water
 quartz - usually left behind
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transported vs residual
soil formation
dominated by downward movement
of water
weathers parent material
dissolves & moves substances
downward
Soil profile - fig p 440
horizons
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O - organic humus little or no parent material
A
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E - few organics or iron
B - zone of accumulation
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Bt - clay enriched
Bk - calcium enriched - calcium coats
K
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weathered parent material w/ organics
zone of leaching
calcium dominated
caliche - calcium layers
C - partially altered parent material
R - parent material
soil properties
color
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related to composition
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organics - dark yellow
iron - red or grey - dominates
calcium - light or white
describe wet - use charts
texture
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grain size distribution (among fraction <2mm
estimate in field - measure in lab
structure
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peds
granular, blocky, prismatic, platy >clay
Soil fertility
nutrients available for plants
natural
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parent material - flood deposits, till, bedrock
organics
climate
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temp
precipitationhumans
alter vegetation
add and remove nutrients
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single crops
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crop rotation
erosion
pesticides
Water in soil
saturated vs moist vs dry
effect of soil moisture on soil cohesion
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sand (moist vs wet vs dry)
clay (wet vs dry)
flow
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saturated - hi pressure to lo pressure
unsaturated - film of water attached to grains
Soil classification
taxonomy - based on physical and
chemical props of soil
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morphology
nutrients
organics
classification methods
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order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family,
series
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focus on ag use
universal soil classification
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focus on size and composition
used by engineers
engineering properties
How will soil affect building?
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based on particle size, compostion,
water content
behavior based on water content
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solid/plastic/liquid
plastic limit, liquid limit - diff is plasticity
index
 take soil, add water until ribbons form, flows
 wet weight - dry weight over dry weight
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engineering properties
strength - how well does soil hold together
and support
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cohesion of particles - esp for fine grain
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molecular and electrostatic forces
moisture
friction - density, size, and shape of particles esp for coarse grain
vegetation
sensitivity
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change in strength as a result of disturbance
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coarse - low
fine - high esp clay
engineering properties
compressibility
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coarse - low
fine - high
erodability
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susceptibility to wind and water erosion
affected by
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particle size
exposure
water content
cohesiveness
cementation
dead zone at surface
engineering properties
hydraulic conductivity
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coarse - high
fine - low - clays less permeable, attract water
corrosion potential - ion exchange with
water
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of buried objects [ie pipe & UST’s]
affected by ability of soil to carry current
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water content
resisitivity
cathodic protection
engineering properties
ease of excavation
common excavation
 rippable excavation
 blasting or rock cutting - hard pan may
be here
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engineering properties
shrink - swell potential (expansive soils)
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increase and decrease in volume w/ water content
usually absorbant clays
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montmorillonite can expand 15x
> 3% is bad
most swell less than 25-50%
response of soil is based on
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soil type % of expansive clays
moisture content
climate wet & dry seasons vs steady
veg - trees suck water
topo - pounding water
drainage - can keep soil dry
engineering properties
overall - clay soils
low strength
 hi sensitivity
 high shrink - swell
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soil erosion
natural process
countered by soil formation
enhanced by landscape modification
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resulting in increased erosion, esp during
modification
urbanization
timber harvests
agriculture - tilling and grazing
off-road vehicles
Sediment pollution
streams move sed
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increase sediment load
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aggradation
full channel enhanced flooding
decrease sediment load
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degradation
incision or bank erosion
sediment deposited - flood plains, alluvial
fans, lake bottoms, wetlands, deltas, local
problem areas
Sediment pollution
components
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normal sediment load
flood load
disturbed sediments (farming, construction,
logging, channelization
wastes (municipal, industrial, mining
solutions
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farm management
sediment traps - fig p 452
clean water act
re-vegetation
Soil pollution
addition of toxic or carcinogenic
substances to soil
factors
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mobility
solubility
attraction to clays
decompostion
presence of
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oxygen
water
microorganisms
desertification
conversion of productive land to desert
factors
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deforestation
soil erosion
poor drainage of irrigated land
overdraft of water
accelerated by drought stress
affects long term hydrologic cycle - climate
desertification
North American example
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water tables
salinization of soil and near-surface soil water
from irrigation
reduction of surface water in streams and
lakes
high rates of soil erosion
loss of native vegetation
interrelated factors - salinization - veg loss erosion
patchy occurrences
Soil surveys
soil maps
soil cross-sections
soil descriptions
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inc grain size distribution
moisture content
strength
may rate soils
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agriculture, prime, important etc
housing
industry
forestry
hydric
Soil surveys and land use
planning
derivitive maps
based on specific characteristics

building limits, slope, thickness,
moisture content