Ch. 50 Intro to Ecology I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees. I speak for the trees, for the trees have no.
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Ch. 50 Intro to Ecology I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees. I speak for the trees, for the trees have no tongues. Ecology Study of relationships between organisms and their environments. These interactions determine both the distribution of organisms and their abundance Ecosystem Organization Biosphere Biome Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Subfields of Ecology Organismal ecology Studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet the challenges posed by the environment Figure 50.3a (a) Organismal ecology. How do humpback whales select their calving areas? Population ecology Concentrates mainly on factors that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area (b) Population ecology. What environmental factors affect the reproductive rate of deer mice? Figure 50.3b Community ecology Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community (c) Community ecology. What factors influence the diversity of species that make up a particular forest? Figure 50.3c Symbiosis living together Three major kinds of symbiosis Mutualism-both species benefit Commensalism-one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed Parasitism-one species benefits at the expense of another Predator-Prey Relationship Ecosystem ecology Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components (d) Ecosystem ecology. What factors control photosynthetic productivity in a temperate grassland ecosystem? Figure 50.3d Biotic vs. Abiotic Biotic factors – all living organisms in an environment Abiotic Factors—nonliving factors in an environment Air Temperature Water pH Light Soil Climate patterns can be described on two scales Macroclimate, patterns on the global, regional, and local level Microclimate, very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log Global Climate Patterns Earth is divided into climate zones depending on the angle (intensity) of sunlight (solar energy) LALITUDINAL VARIATION IN SUNLIGHT INTENSITY North Pole 60N Low angle of incoming sunlight 30N Tropic of Cancer Sunlight directly overhead 0 (equator) Tropic of Capricorn 30S Low angle of incoming sunlight 60S South pole Figure 50.10 Atmosphere Seasons are the result of Earth’s tilt and the movement in space SEASONAL VARIATION IN SUNLIGHT INTENSITY 60N June solstice: Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun; summer begins in Northern Hemisphere; winter begins in Southern Hemisphere. 30N 0 (equator) 30S Constant tilt of 23.5 Figure 50.10 March equinox: Equator faces sun directly; neither pole tilts toward sun; all regions on Earth experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. September equinox: Equator faces sun directly; neither pole tilts toward sun; all regions on Earth experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. December solstice: Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun; winter begins in Northern Hemisphere; summer begins in Southern Hemisphere. Air circulation and wind patterns play major parts in determining the Earth’s climate patterns and distinguish the climate zones. GLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION AND PRECIPITATION PATTERNS 60N 30N Descending dry air absorbs moisture 0 (equator) 30S 0 60S Figure 50.10 Ascending moist air releases moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture Arid zone Tropics Arid zone GLOBAL WIND PATTERNS Arctic Circle 60N Westerlies 30N Northeast trades Doldrums 0 (equator) Southeast trades 30S Westerlies 60S Antarctic Circle Figure 50.10 Landscape ecology (Biomes) Deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region Figure 50.3e (e) Landscape ecology. To what extent do the trees lining the drainage channels in this landscape serve as corridors of dispersal for forest animals? Biosphere Portion of Earth that supports life Earth’s aquatic biomes 30N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Continental shelf 30S Key Figure 50.15 Lakes Rivers Estuaries Coral reefs Oceanic pelagic zone Intertidal zone Abyssal zone (below oceanic pelagic zone) Aquatic biomes Account for the largest part of the biosphere in terms of area Can contain fresh or salt water Oceans Cover about 75% of Earth’s surface Have an enormous impact on the biosphere Many aquatic biomes Are stratified into zones or layers defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth Intertidal zone Neritic zone Littoral zone Limnetic zone 0 Oceanic zone Photic zone 200 m Continental shelf Pelagic zone Benthic zone Photic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone 2,500–6,000 m Abyssal zone (deepest regions of ocean floor) (a) Zonation in a lake. The lake environment is generally classified on the basis of three physical criteria: light penetration (photic and aphotic zones), distance from shore and water depth (littoral and limnetic zones), and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic zone). Figure 50.16a, b (b) Marine zonation. Like lakes, the marine environment is generally classified on the basis of light penetration (photic and aphotic zones), distance from shore and water depth (intertidal, neritic, and oceanic zones), and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic and abyssal zones). LAKES Figure 50.17 An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton, Wyoming A eutrophic lake in Okavango delta, Botswana WETLANDS Figure 50.17 Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia STREAMS AND RIVERS Figure 50.17 A headwater stream in the Great Smoky Mountains The Mississippi River far form its headwaters ESTUARIES Figure 50.17 An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia INTERTIDAL ZONES Figure 50.17 Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast OCEANIC PELAGIC BIOME Figure 50.17 Open ocean off the island of Hawaii CORAL REEFS Figure 50.17 A coral reef in the Red Sea MARINE BENTHIC ZONE Figure 50.17 A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community Terrestrial Biomes have similar climates (temperature and rainfall) and organisms. 30N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30S Key Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Tundra Temperate grassland High mountains Temperate broadleaf forest Polar ice Coniferous forest Is the temperature of each Biome: Hot, moderate, or cold? Tundra - Cold Desert - Hot Temperate Grassland - Moderate Tropical savanna - Hot Taiga - Cold Temperate forest - Moderate Tropical rainforest - Hot TROPICAL FOREST Figure 50.20 A tropical rain forest in Borneo DESERT Figure 50.20 The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona TEMPERATE GRASSLAND Figure 50.20 Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota SAVANNA A typical savanna in Kenya Figure 50.20 CHAPARRAL An area of chaparral in California Figure 50.20 CONIFEROUS FOREST Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado Figure 50.20 TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FOREST Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina Figure 50.20 TUNDRA Figure 50.20 Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn