Transcript BeCA. 28 October 2004 Presented by Capt. Jacques ROSAY Airbus Chief Test Pilot Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion DHL flight hit by missile in BAGHDAD TRIBUTE TO.

BeCA. 28 October 2004
2004
Presented by
Capt. Jacques ROSAY
Airbus Chief Test Pilot
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
DHL flight hit by missile in BAGHDAD
TRIBUTE TO ERIC, STEEVE AND MARIO
Customer Services
TRIBUTE TO ERIC, STEEVE AND MARIO
• The facts
• How could it fly ?
Flight
mechanics with thrust only
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– pitch control
– roll control
• Bringing the A/C back to the ground
• Conclusion
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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THE FACTS
• November 22nd, 2003. An A300-B4 cargo-transformed, S/N
094, operated by DHL, takes off from Baghdad to Bahrain.
• Crew : Capt ERIC, F/O STEEVE, FE MARIO.
• Trip is short, payload is light (Mail) and TOW : 100t (to be
compared to 165.9t MTOW)
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• A special Take Off procedure is applied to minimize ground
proximity time and threat exposure duration :
Take
off with slats only and maximum thrust
Early retraction of slats
Climb at optimum climb speed (215kts)
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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THE FACTS (continue)
• Passing 8000ft, a strong impact shakes the structure.
• Immediately, Mario announces the loss of two hydraulic
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circuits (green and yellow).
• Twenty seconds later, Eric feels the controls stiffening as
the last hydraulic circuit (blue) is lost.
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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THE FACTS (continue)
A/C configuration is then the following :
• All hydraulics lost
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Ailerons,
rudder and elevators are « floating » in the wind (zero
hinge moment)
THS is frozen
Spoilers are inoperative and prevented to deflect (sucked by the
airflow) by a non return valve. But one of them is slightly leaking.
Slats and flaps configuration are retracted and frozen
• Left wing in fire and associated fuel tank is emptying
• A significative amount of the left wing surface is missing
• BUT:
BOTH ENGINES ARE STILL RUNNING
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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THE FACTS (continue)
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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THE FACTS (continue)
• Eric, Steeve and Mario had then to learn how to fly and
land an asymmetric aircraft using the only thrust control
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• Let’s do the same
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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How could it fly ?
• Flight mechanics with thrust only : pitch
 From
a trimmed position, an A/C like the A300 (with underwing
engine) will react to a step change of thrust with :
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– An immediate pitch change (increase of thrust induces a nose up motion)
– An immediate speed change along with the thrust change (but it will not
last !)
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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How could it fly ?
• This is followed by a so called « phugoid » (long period lightly damped
oscillation at constant angle of attack, exchanging altitude and speed
around the stabilised condition)
Pitch
, Vc
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Pitch
Pitch
Pitch
, Vc
, Vc
, Vc
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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How could it fly ?
• When the controls froze, A/C was stabilized at a certain speed, with a
given thrust and a given THS position
•A thrust variation (decrease) will create a pitch (down) moment
•This pitch down motion will continue until :
•The thrust is restored at the adequate level, or
•The speed has increased sufficiently so that the down lift of the
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tailplane compensates the pitch down moment created by the
reduction of thrust.
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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How could it fly ?
•To sum up :
• THE
THRUST BECOMES A PITCH CONTROL
• Speed becomes a consequence of the chosen
combination of pitch and thrust.
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• Note that against intuition (and initial reaction),
a thrust reduction will finally induce a speed
increase and vice versa.
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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How could it fly ?
•Flight mechanics with thrust only : roll
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•In normal flight with no sideslip, lift is symmetrical.
•The only way to control the lateral axis is the use of assymetric thrust
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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How could it fly ?
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•Increasing the thrust on one engine, will first generate sideslip
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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How could it fly ?
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• The sideslip will induce asymmetric lift; this asymmetric lift
will allow to generate some bank, but with a delayed
response of the A/C
With left sideslip (more
thrust on left engine), the
airplane yaws, then rolls to
the right.
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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How could it fly ?
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• On top of it, in their case, the aircraft was in an evolutive
assymetry (Surface missing, airfoil modified, massive fuel leak
on the left wing). It then had a permanent tendancy to roll,
evolving as the fuel leaks and probably wing parts fly away.
• Globally, the roll remained contained during two minutes,
without any roll-specific crew action, between 12° right and
22° left, final stabilized state.
• Two minutes after the explosion, the
crew had to cope with the final assymetry
with some permanent sideslip.
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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How does it fly ?
• Summary:
change of thrust on both engines will allow to control
pitch and then vertical speed. But pitch control will be loose due to
the phugoïd, making slope visualisation very difficult.
Thrust being used for pitch control cannot then be used for speed
control. Speed must be accepted as an uncontrolled result of the
desired slope.
When controlling the flight path, the crew will then have to accept
the resulting speed and to control the slope through an active
control of the pitch via the thrust .
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Symmetrical
Assymetrical
thrust application will allow to control the roll, but with
a delayed response of the aircraft.
Therefore, A/C
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
control is achievable, but (at the least) demanding…
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Bring the A/C to the ground
• First they managed to control the pitch, extending the
landing gear to limit the speed increase. At this time the
A/C was more or less stabilized in slight turn.
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• Then they learned to control the roll, going through some
roll excursions beyond 30°.
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Bring the A/C to the ground
• Having learned to manage the flight path, the crew
decided to attempt the landing.
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• Additionally the left wing was on fire and there was a fuel
leak!… It was time to come back and land.
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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THE FACTS (continue)
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Bring the A/C to the ground
• They elected runway 33R, the longest of the 2 runways.
• The wind was 290° at 20kt with turbulent conditions !
• After some kind of downwind leg, they came back for long
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final in a right turn (although the aircraft was tending to roll
left by itself).
• In addition to the flight path, they closely monitored the left
tank, ready to open the crossfeed, despite the leak and the
fire. It was vital for the engine to stay alive !
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Bring the aircraft to the ground
Approximate trajectory
Missile hit
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Basic principles
understood
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Bring the A/C to the ground
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• Finally the 33L was closer at the end of the approach
• The crew flew the A/C down to the flare, coping with the
phugoïd, the asymmetry in roll and the Xwind
• 25 min after missile impact, the A/C was landed (NOT
crashed):
On the runway 33L,
with a controlled touch down (Vz below 10ft/s),
a positive pitch
With some divergent heading (8°) and some bank to the
right (10°)
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Successful landing on 33L
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Runway exit
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Thrust reversers were used
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Bring the A/C to the ground
•A/C exited the runway rapidely; reversers associated to rolling in the sand
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provided a good substitute to poor brake efficiency. The A/C stopped after 1000m
roll out.
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Bring the A/C to the ground
• Disregarding some light damage on the landing gear (deflated
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tyres), aircraft was intact (but for the wing !)
No injuries for the crew or
people on ground
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Conclusion
• Adaptation and tasks prioritization were the key of the
success.
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• The basic tasks distribution were still applied:
• FLY
• NAVIGATE
• COMMUNICATE
• MONITOR THE SYSTEMS
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Conclusion
• Each such situation is unique and cannot be trained for in
advance.
• In this particular case, the following basic principles apply:
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• Pitch is controlled by thrust
• Speed MUST be DISREGARDED (provided vertical speed is
controlled)
• Roll is controlled by differential thrust with considerable time
response
• DO NOT RETARD thrust at flare
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Conclusion
• In terms of airmanship, Eric, Steeve & Mario had done a
remarkable job
–They managed the priorities
–They worked as a Team
–They shared properly the work :
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• FLY
• NAVIGATE
• COMMUNICATE
• MONITOR
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Well done Mario, Eric,
Steeve! You really did write a
nice page of aviation
history!
Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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Baghdad A300 Incident Discussion
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