Transcript CHAPTER Using the Principles of Design Image shutterstock.com Objectives • Evaluate the use of the principles of design in residential and commercial interiors. • Summarize the.

CHAPTER
12
Using the Principles of
Design
Image shutterstock.com
Objectives
• Evaluate the use of the principles of design
in residential and commercial interiors.
• Summarize the goals of design.
• Analyze the effects of sensory design.
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The Principles of Design
• The principles of design are guidelines for
working with the elements of design
• The principles of design are
– proportion
– scale
– balance
– emphasis
– rhythm
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Proportions and Scale
• Proportion and scale both describe size,
shape, and amount
• They are both concerned with the
relationships of objects and parts of objects
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Proportion
• Proportion is the ratio of one part to
another part or of one part to a whole
• Proportion is an important factor in interior
design when
– selecting and positioning furniture in a room
– placing accessories in proper proportion to the
surfaces in the room
continued
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Proportion
• When developing a design scheme, certain
ratios are more effective than others
– Effective ratios may include 3:5, 5:8, and 8:13
– Less effective ratios are 1:1 or 1:2
• These ratios apply to
– rooms, furniture, and accessories
• The Greeks developed guidelines for
pleasing proportions
continued
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Proportion
• The golden mean is the division of a line
midway between one-half and one-third of
its length
– Unequal division is more visually pleasing than
equal division
• Interior designers often apply the golden
mean when planning wall arrangements,
tying draperies, and hanging pictures
continued
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Proportion
• The golden section is the division of a line
or form in such a way that the ratio of the
smaller section to the larger section is
equal to the ratio of the larger section to
the whole
– When using the golden section to plan design,
the ratio 3:5 is similar to 8:13
– Use the golden section concept to develop
more pleasing proportions
continued
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Proportion
• The golden rectangle has sides in a ratio
of 1 to 1.618, and is
– based on the ratio of the golden section
• The Parthenon in Athens is one example of
a golden rectangle
• People develop an awareness of
proportion based on their own visual
perceptions
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Scale
• Scale is the relative size of an object in
relation to other objects
– For example, a twin bed is small in
comparison to a king-sized bed
• The scale of furnishings should relate to
the space they occupy
– A king size bed is appropriate for a large
bedroom
continued
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Scale
• The furnishings in a room should be in
scale with one another
• Furnishings also need to be in scale to the
people using them
– A child feels more comfortable in a chair in
scale to his or her size
continued
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Scale
• The appropriate scale for people relates to
an understanding of human scale, or
anthropometrics
• Maslow mentions fulfillment, dignity,
relationships, security, protection, and
shelter as terms that strongly relate to
human scale in his “Hierarchy of Human
Needs”
continued
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Discuss
• Human scale influences how you feel in a
space
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What feelings do the ceiling height and
furnishings evoke in a concert hall as compared
to the ceiling height and furnishings in a home?
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Scale
• Visual weight is the perception that an
object weighs more or less than it really
does
– Thick lines, bold colors, and large patterns add
to visual weight
– Furniture that is light in visual weight in a small
room keeps the room from looking crowded
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Balance
• Balance implies equilibrium among parts
of a design, and
– is the perception of the way arrangements are
viewed
• Balance gives a sense of equal weight on
both sides of a center point
• Balance can be
– formal
– informal
continued
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Balance
• With formal balance, or symmetry, there
is identical proportion and arrangement of
objects on both sides of a center point
• Formal balance is
appropriate for
traditional design
and elegant rooms
– Its orderliness brings
people comfort
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continued
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Balance
• Informal balance, or asymmetrical
balance, is an arrangement of different but
equivalent objects on each side of a center
point
– Neither side overpowers the other
– Several smaller objects can balance a single
large one
continued
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Balance
• Decorations added to an object give it
visual weight
– An object with bold color, texture, and form
can balance a larger object
• Furniture and accessories should balance
with each other in a room
– Formal balance creates an air of formality
– Informal balance creates a casual mood
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Emphasis
• Emphasis is the first feature seen in a
room that repeatedly draws attention and
– creates a focal point
– gives a feeling of stability and unity
• When planning a focal point, it should
– be worthy of the attention it will receive
– dominate the room, but NOT overpower the
design
– NOT compete with other features
continued
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Emphasis
• You can create a focal point through the
use or placement of items, such as
– architectural features (windows and fireplaces)
– furniture groupings, colorful rugs, works of art,
mirrors, or other collections
– unusual accessories and objects
– special lighting cast on a object
continued
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Emphasis
• The focal point gives order and direction to
a room
• Everything in the setting should relate to
the focal point, including
– color
– texture
– proportion
– scale
– theme
continued
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Emphasis
• The focal point should set the stage for the
furnishings
– If the fireplace is the
focal point of a
living room, group
comfortable seating
that permits
socializing around
the fireplace
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Rhythm
• Rhythm results when an element of design
forms an organized pattern that
– smoothly leads the eyes from one area of the
design to another
• You can achieve rhythm in a room design
with
– repetition, gradation, radiation, opposition, and
transition
continued
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Rhythm
• Repeating an element of design creates
rhythm by repetition
• Repetition is one of the easiest ways to
achieve rhythm in a design by using
– a dominant color throughout a room
– repeating lines in bookcase shelves
– repeating forms in the same setting
continued
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Discuss
• This living room shows rhythm by repetition
with the color red
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As a designer, what other elements would you
use to create rhythm by repetition?
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Rhythm
• Gradation is the type of rhythm created
by a gradual increase or decrease of
similar elements of design, including
– color value changing
from dark to light or
from light to dark
– objects with the same
form can increase or
decrease in size
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continued
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Rhythm
• In rhythm by radiation, lines flow outward
from a central point as in a wagon wheel
– For example, a window that forms a half-circle
with a sunburst design shows radiation
• In rhythm by opposition, lines meet to
form right angles, such as
– the corners of windowpanes, picture frames,
fireplaces, tables, and other furniture
continued
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Rhythm
• Rhythm by transition uses curved lines to
carry the eye from one part of an object or
room to another, and leads the
– eye in, through, and
over an object
– from one side to the
other, such as with the
curved line of an
arched window
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Goals of Design
• When working with the elements and
principles of design, keep in mind the goals
of design, including
– function and appropriateness
– harmony with unity and variety
– beauty
• These goals help bring design work
together as a whole
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Function and Appropriateness
• When furnishings are functional and
appropriate, they
– provide service, comfort, and pleasure
– require minimum care
• People who live in a dwelling determine the
functions and furnishings of a room
continued
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Function and Appropriateness
• A home should be appropriate and
functional for all members of the household
• Furnishings for a home should
– be appropriate for the function of the dwelling
– be appropriate for each room
– have appropriate function for their form
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Discuss
• A small room with two double beds is
appropriate for a hotel room
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When would a room arrangement such as
this be inappropriate for a home? Why?
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Harmony with Unity and
Variety
• Harmony is an agreement among the
parts of a design
• A designer uses the elements and
principles of design effectively to carry one
idea throughout the design
– Think about harmony in design as a orchestra
in concert, the total effect is more important
than any individual part
continued
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Harmony with Unity and
Variety
• Unity occurs when all parts of a design
relate to one design idea
– When unity is present in a design, viewers see
the room as a whole
– Repeating similar elements of design can
achieve unity
continued
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Harmony with Unity and
Variety
• The goal of good design is unity with some
variation
• When working to achieve harmony, choose
one color to dominate a room
• Smaller amounts of a coordinating color as
an accent
– assure unity with variety
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Planning a Harmonious Color
Scheme
• There are several steps to create an
integrated and coordinated look among
rooms, including
– Step 1: Select two or three colors that convey
the mood or “feel” desired in a space
– Step 2: Add a neutral tone
– Step 3: Add an additional color in a very
controlled way
continued
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Discuss
• Neutral tones are useful in creating
harmony with unity and variety
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How are the steps for creating harmony used
in this photograph?
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Planning a Harmonious Color
Scheme
• As colors trade places and emphasis in
each room, they create different
personalities for each space
• Effectively choosing a color scheme helps
create interest with unity and variety in a
design
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Beauty
• Beauty describes well-designed objects
that are aesthetically pleasing
• If the arrangement of the elements of
design follows the principles, most results
will be beautiful
• Beauty
– gives a house distinction
– makes the visual appearance memorable
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Sensory Design
• Sensory design is the application of
design that affects the senses of
– sight
– hearing
– smell
– touch
• Good design responds to all sensory needs
and serves people of all ages, sizes, and
physical capabilities
continued
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Sensory Design
• Most types of design affect the sense of
sight
• Using specific materials in construction and
design can control the noise levels in a
room
– Hard and smooth surfaces make sounds
louder by bouncing them around the space
– Rough and soft surfaces absorb sound
continued
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Sensory Design
• The pleasant smell of a room can evoke
feelings and emotions
• Candles, herbs, and spices used as
accessories can create atmosphere
continued
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Sensory Design
• The texture of materials can communicate
specific feelings, such as cold and hard or
rough and smooth
• The sense of touch can direct people who
have impairments, such as those with low
vision
• Temperature also impacts the comfort of a
room design
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Recap
• Design principles guide the application of
the elements
• The principles of design include
– proportion
– scale
– balance
– emphasis
– rhythm
continued
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Recap
• Proportion and scale both describe
– size, shape, and amount
– the relationships of objects and parts of objects
• Guidelines for using proportion are the
– golden mean, golden section, and golden
rectangle
• As an aspect of scale, visual weight is a
perception that an object weighs more or
less than it really does
continued
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Recap
• Balance can be formal or informal, and is a
perception of equality on both sides of an
imaginary centerline
• Emphasis creates a focal point and gives
order and direction
• Rhythm leads the eye from one area to
another around a room using
– repetition, gradation, radiation, opposition, and
transition
continued
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Recap
• When the elements and principles of design
are used well together, the goals of design
are achieved
• The goals of design are
– function and appropriateness
– harmony with unity and variety
– beauty
• Sensory design responds to the needs of all
ages, incorporating the senses into design
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