Transcript 15 Lighting Objectives • Identify the various types of lighting instruments and cite unique characteristics of each. • Compare the characteristics of incandescent lamps with the characteristics of.

15
Lighting
Objectives
• Identify the various types of lighting
instruments and cite unique
characteristics of each.
• Compare the characteristics of
incandescent lamps with the
characteristics of fluorescent lamps.
• Explain how the color temperature of
light affects the video image.
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Objectives
• Recall methods to control lighting
intensity.
• Identify the steps in the procedure to
light a set.
• Describe the television lighting
techniques presented and identify the
instruments used with each technique.
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Functions of Lighting
• Meet technical requirements of camera
• Meet aesthetic requirements of director
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Creating 3-D Appearance on TV
• Shoot people and objects in 3/4 angle
• Apply makeup and set paint properly
• Arrange set elements in fore-, middle-, and
background
• Use shallow depth of field
• Use creative lighting and shadowing
techniques
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Consumer vs. Professional Terms
• Consumer
• Lamp
• Lightbulb
• Professional
• Instrument
• Lamp
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Types of Light
• Hard light
• Soft light
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Lighting Instruments
• Spotlights, or spots
• Flood light
• Scoop
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Lighting Instruments (Cont.)
• Fresnel
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Accessories
• Barndoors
• Cinefoil, Blackwrap, or heavy duty
aluminum foil
•
•
•
•
Form sheet into cylinder
Attach to front of instrument
Turn instrument on
Shape foil by hand to create shadow pattern
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Preventing Light Hits
• Flag
• Spray item with photo dulling spray
• Spray item with inexpensive hair spray
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Preventing Light Hits (Cont.)
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Safety Note
• Light fixtures operate at extremely high
temps
• They can ignite flammable objects
• They can severely burn human skin!
• Always wear work gloves to prevent injury
• Recommended gloves are inexpensive cotton
gloves with leather palms and fingers
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Incandescent Lamps
• High heat output—dangerous to touch with
bare hands
• Spreads wide light frequency, more than
camera needs
• Brightness can make talent squint on set
• More costly than fluorescent lamps
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Preserving Life of Incandescent Lamps
• Do not:
• Turn off and on in rapid succession
• Move them when they are hot
• Close barndoors, trapping heat inside
instrument
• Point straight down; heat then enters
instrument
• Handle lamp with bare fingers
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Fluorescent Lamps
•
•
•
•
•
Soft, even glow
Relatively inexpensive
Low heat output—will not burn hands
Long life span
Produce much more light per watt than
incandescent
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Supports
• Floor stand
• Advantages: Ease of movement, necessary for
remote shoot
• Disadvantages: Can tip over easily, power cord
is tripping hazard, occupy much floor space
• C-clamp
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Kelvin Color Temperature Scale
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White Light
• Equal to 3200°Kelvin (3200K)
• Needed for proper colors and flesh tones on
TV
• Cooler (lower) color temps produce
yellowish or reddish tints
• Hotter (higher) color temps produce
greenish or bluish tints
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Common Color Temperatures
• Consumer lightbulbs: 2000°Kelvin (20K)—
yellowish
• TV studio lamps: 3200°Kelvin (32K)—white
• Commercial fluorescent office/school ceiling
lamps: 4500°Kelvin (45K)—greenish
• Sunlight: 5600°Kelvin (56K)—bluish
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White Balancing the Camera
• Camera needs to interpret white light to
reproduce colors accurately
• To “trick” camera into seeing white light:
• Get illumination as close to 32K as possible
• Point camera at white object on set and
manually press white balance button
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Gel
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Lighting Set with Colored Lights
• First, light set with white light to white
balance camera
• Then, turn off white lights and turn on
colored lights—camera will see each color
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Lighting Room Lit with Sunlight
• Place CTO (color temperature orange) gel
on inside of window to absorb and convert
blue light, or
• Place CTB (color temperature blue) gel on
instruments inside the room to match blue
sunlight. Then, perform white balance
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Lighting Intensity
• 3200K lights can have different wattage—
color is the same but varying amounts of
light are produced
• Varying brightness of lamps is necessary to
prevent hot and dark spots on set
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Varying Lighting Intensity
• Move instrument closer or farther away
from set
• Replace lamp with lower or higher wattage
lamp
• Place diffusion material or scrim in front of
instrument
• Use bounce lighting or dimmer
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Planning Set Lighting
• Light plot
• Basic hang, or rough hang
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Light Plot
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Three-Point Lighting
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Key Light
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Fill Light
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Back Light
• Different from background light
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Three-Point Lighting
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Four-Point Lighting Set-up
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Cross-Key Lighting Set-up
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Lighting with Fluorescents
• Same technique used with incandescents
• Most equipped with a honeycomb
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Limbo Lighting
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Lighting Check
• Always view set under designed lighting on
television monitor
• If bad image is displayed, stop shooting
and determine if monitor is faulty
• If monitor is OK, then contrast, color,
brightness, and tint may need adjustment
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Career Page
• The Society of Television Lighting and
Design
• www.stld.org.uk
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Review Question
What are precautions to take when working
with incandescent studio instruments and
lamps?
Do not jar them when they are hot. Do not
touch them with your bare fingers, even
when they are cold. Do not close barndoors
completely. Do not point them straight
down. Do not turn them off and on in rapid
succession.
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Review Question
How do you light something using threepoint lighting?
The key light is above and to one side of
camera at about the 4:30 spot. The fill light
is on opposite side of camera and above it at
about the 7:30 spot. The back light is above
and behind subject at about the 12:00 spot.
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Review Question
What is the difference between hard and soft
light?
Hard light creates sharp, distinct, and dark
shadow. Soft light produces indistinct,
gradual change from light to dark with
plenty of gray in between.
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Review Question
What are the functions of light in television?
Allows camera to operate effectively and
meet aesthetic requirements of director.
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Review Question
Consumers call them lightbulbs—what to
lighting professionals call them?
Lamps
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Review Question
What is color temperature of white light?
32K, or 3200K, or 3200° Kelvin
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Review Question
What effect does temperature have on video
image?
Cooler temperatures produce yellowish or
reddish tints, while hotter temperatures
produce greenish or bluish tints.
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Review Question
Name three ways to vary lighting intensity.
Move instrument; use different wattage
lamp; place diffusion material or scrim in
front of instrument.
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Review Question
How do you white balance a camera?
Try to get illumination as close to 32K as
possible, then point camera at white object,
then manually press white balance button.
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Review Question
How would you light a set that requires a lot
of colored lights?
First, white balance camera, then turn off
white lights and turn on colored lights.
Camera will see them as colored lights.
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Review Question
What is the difference between spotlights
and flood lights?
Spotlights provide circular light in small,
defined area, while flood lights provide
general lighting in larger area.
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Review Question
_____ lamps are more expensive and
powerful, last longer, and create less heat
than _____ lamps.
Incandescent; fluorescent
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Review Question
What is produced when an instrument is
pointed at a photographic reflector?
A. Dimmer
B. Bounce lighting
C. Back light
D. Diffusion
B. Bounce lighting
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Glossary
• 3200 Kelvin: The temperature of white
light in degrees Kelvin. Also noted as
3200K or “32K” when spoken.
• back light: A lighting instrument that is
placed above and behind the talent or
object in a shot, at the twelve o’clock
position, to separate the talent or object
from the background.
• background light: A lighting instrument
that is pointed at the background of a
set.
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Glossary
• barndoors: Fully moveable black metal
flaps attached to the front of a lighting
instrument; used to block or reshape the
light.
• basic hang: The initial process of
hanging instruments over the set
according to the light plot and plugging
them into the raceway. Also called a
rough hang.
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Glossary
• bounce lighting: A lighting technique
where a lighting instrument is not
pointed directly at the subject of the
shot, but the light is bounced off of
another object, such as a ceiling, wall, or
the ground.
• C-clamp: A clamp in the shape of a “C”
that is used to attach lighting
instruments to the grid.
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Glossary
• cross-key lighting: A lighting
technique that combines more than one
person or object in the lighting spread
using only two key lights and one back
light.
• diffusion: A translucent material that is
placed in front of a lighting instrument to
soften and reduce the intensity of light,
without altering the color temperature.
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Glossary
• dimmer: A device attached to the power
control of a lighting instrument that
regulates the amount of electricity that
flows to the lamp.
• fill light: A lighting instrument that is
placed opposite the key light and above
the talent to provide illumination on the
other side of the talent’s face or object
in the shot.
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Glossary
• flag: A flexible metal rod with a flat
piece of metal attached to the end; used
to block light from hitting certain objects
on the set.
• flood light: A soft light instrument that
provides general lighting in a large area.
• floor stand: A lighting support with
three or four legs and a long vertical
pole to which a lighting instrument is
attached.
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Glossary
• fluorescent lamp: Type of lamp that
functions when electricity excites a gas
in the lamp, which causes the material
coating the inside of the lamp to glow
(fluoresce) with a soft, even light.
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Glossary
• four-point lighting: A lighting
technique that uses four lighting
instruments for each person or object
photographed: two key lights and two fill
lights. The two key lights are positioned
diagonally opposite each other, and the
two fill lights are placed in the remaining
two corners.
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Glossary
• Fresnel: A hard light instrument that is
lightweight and easily focused.
• gel: A heat resistant, thick sheet of
plastic placed in front of a lighting
instrument to turn white light from a
lamp into a colored light.
• grid: A pipe system that hangs from the
studio ceiling and supports the lighting
instruments.
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Glossary
• hard light: Type of illumination used in
a studio that creates sharp, distinct, and
very dark shadows.
• honeycomb: A device that attaches to
fluorescent instruments to reduce the
shape and size of the light beam,
making the light more directional and
easier to control.
• incandescent lamp: Type of lamp that
functions when electricity is applied and
makes a filament inside the lamp glow
brightly.
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Glossary
• instrument: The device into which a
lamp is installed to provide illumination
on a set.
• Kelvin Color Temperature Scale: A
scale developed by the scientist Lord
Kelvin for measuring color temperatures
of light in degrees Kelvin.
• key light: The lighting instrument that
provides the main source of illumination
on the person or object in a shot.
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Glossary
• lamp: Part of a lighting instrument that
glows when electricity is supplied.
• light hit: A white spot or star shaped
reflection of a lighting instrument or
sunlight off of a highly reflective surface
on the set.
• light plot: A diagram developed by the
lighting designer that indicates the
placement of lighting instruments on the
set of a program.
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Glossary
• limbo lighting: A lighting technique in
which the background of the set is lit to
create the illusion of a solid-color,
indistinct background.
• raceway: The system of electrical
cables and outlets used to power lighting
instruments on the grid. The raceway
either hangs beside the grid pipes or is
mounted to the ceiling above the grid.
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Glossary
• scoop: A common type of flood light
with a half-spheroid shape that produces
a great deal of light.
• scrim: A wire mesh or woven material
placed in front of instrument to reduce
the intensity of light.
• soft light: Type of illumination used in a
studio that creates indistinct shadows.
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Glossary
• spotlight: Type of hard light instrument
that creates a circle of light in varying
diameters.
• three-point lighting: A common
lighting technique that uses three
lighting instruments for each person or
object photographed: a key light, a fill
light, and a back light. Also called
triangle lighting.
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