Transcript 第一册unit8

Unit Eight
Learning to Learn
Teaching plan
Task1: Ways to propose
Situation: Final Exam
Pattern: Oral
Task2: Notice writing
Situation: A Lecture on the campus
Pattern: Writing
Task3: Summary of study methods
Situation: Study methods
Pattern: Report
Background Information
Learning a Foreign Language
Methods of Study
The Makeup of Language
Communicative Approach
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Learning a Foreign Language
There are many important reasons for learning a foreign language.
Among them are the following:
(1) Learning a foreign language increases your range of
communication. For example, if you learn English, you can
communicate with over 400 million other people. If you also learn
Spanish, you can also speak to any of the 371 million Spanish-speaking
people in Latin America, Spain, and other parts of the world.
(2) An additional foreign language can help add to your knowledge
of the one you are learning or know. For example, by studying Latin,
you can improve your understanding of many of the thousands of
English words that have Latin roots.
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(3) Learning a foreign language helps you add to your general
stock of information. A foreign language can be a key that unlocks new
fields of knowledge. If you learn German you will be able to read books
that are written in German on almost any subject you may wish to
study.
Learning any language involves four different skills: (1) speaking,
(2) understanding, (3) reading, and (4) writing. If you understand a
foreign language, and make yourself understood in speech and writing,
you have mastered it.
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Methods of Study
No language is easy or difficult in itself. The ease or difficulty of any
language depends on the age of the person learning it. Before the age of
10, all languages are equally easy when learned by the natural speaking
method (listening and imitating). After 10, learning a language becomes
more difficult. Therefore, it is desirable to learn foreign languages as early
as possible. Some schools start foreign language instruction in
kindergarten or in the primary grades.
After the age of 10, students can learn foreign languages by either, or
both, of two methods: (1) the grammar method, and (2) the spoken
language method.
In the grammar method, students learn general rules of grammar and
apply them to specific situations. A French grammar lesson may stress the
correct use of gender (masculine or feminine). Students learn that le livre
(the book) is masculine and la chaise (the chair) is feminine. In this way,
they learn grammar while they increase their vocabularies.
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In the spoken language method, students try to duplicate the process
by which young children learn language. They listen to the teacher, then
imitate the sounds, words, and sentences.
Both the grammar method and the natural speaking method are
effective. The ideal method for older children and adults seems to be a
combination of the two. (From the 1998 World Book Multimedia
Encyclopedia)
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The Makeup of Language
All languages have certain things in common. These include (1) a
sound-pattern, (2) words, and (3) grammatical structure.
A sound pattern is a group of sounds that the human speech organs
can utter. Most languages have from 20 to 60 of these sounds.
Words are sounds or sound patterns that have a meaning. Words may
stand for objects, actions, or ideas.
Grammatical structure is the manner in which certain elements of
language are related to others in forming larger, meaningful units such as
sentences.
All
languages
have
grammatical
structures.
Linguists
commonly identify two aspects of grammatical structure, called syntax
and morphology.
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Syntax involves relations among elements of a sentence, including the
arrangement of words in a particular order. In the English sentences I see
Mary and John sees Mark, I and John are doers of the action. Thus, they
are subjects of their sentences. Mary and Mark are receivers of the
action — the ones who are seen — and are the direct objects of the
sentences. These sentences illustrate a common word order in English of
subject, verb, and object. The word order in the sentence I Mary see is not
acceptable in English.
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Morphology deals with elements that serve as building blocks for
words. It uses a variation in the form of a word to show the function of the
word in a group. The verbs in the previous paragraph differ in that sees
has a morphological element that see lacks: the -s that signals a thirdperson verb form in English. In the sentence The teacher asked a question,
the verb asked contains the -ed that signals past tense. The word teacher
is made up of the verb teach and the element -er that signifies agent —
that is, a teacher is one who teaches.
The roles of syntax and morphology vary from language to language.
All languages have word order of some sort. In some languages, however,
the word order is less strict than in others. Latin, for example, allows more
variations in word order than English. The Latin sentences Johannes videt
Marcum and Marcum videt Johannes both mean John sees Mark.
Morphological elements indicate the relationship. Johannes (John) is the
doer of the action, no matter where the word occurs, because it ends in -s
(not -m). Similarly, Marcum (Mark) is the receiver because it ends in -m (not
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-s).
Some languages, such as Chinese, use syntax only. In other
languages, such as Latin, the word order has little importance because
word endings tell the story. Old English, or Anglo Saxon (the form of
English spoken until about A.D. 1100), resembled Latin in this way.
Modern English uses a blend of syntax and morphology. When we say
I see him, we give two indications that I is the doer and him is the receiver.
One indication is the position of I before see and him after see. The other
is the fact that we use I (not me) for the doer, and him (not he) for the
receiver. (From the 1998 World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia)
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Communicative Approach
The communicative approach is very popular in the classroom
teaching in China. It is a set of principles about teaching including
recommendations about method and syllabus, where the focus is on
meaningful communication not structure, use not usage. In this approach,
students are given tasks to accomplish using language, instead of
studying the language. The syllabus is based primarily on functional
development (asking permission, asking directions, etc.), not structural
development (past tense, conditionals, etc.). In essence, a functional
syllabus replaces a structural syllabus. There is also less emphasis on
error correction as fluency and communication become more important
than accuracy. As well, authentic and meaningful language input becomes
more important. The class becomes more student centered as students
accomplish their tasks with other students, while the teacher plays more
of an observer role. (From ESL Glossary: Definition of common ESL/EFL
terms)
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Text A Learning to Learn
Text A Exercises
Practical Writing
Text A
Starter
As a student who has almost finished the first semester at college,
have you ever had any difficulties or problems with your studies?
How do you usually deal with them? Try to list these difficulties or
problems together with your solutions. Share this list with your
classmates.
Your difficulties or problems
1. _____________________
Your solutions
_____________________
2. _____________________
_____________________
3. _____________________
_____________________
4. _____________________
_____________________
5. _____________________
______________________
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Text A
Learning to Learn
Author Unknown
1 Effective study skills and strategies are the basis of effective
learning. They give you an opportunity to learn systematically and
independently.N
By always using good study habits and learning to
work like a successful student, you can become one.
?
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Text A
2
Learning is a very personal matter. There isn’t one study skill
or learning strategy that works for every person in every situation.
Therefore,Nyou must
learn what you know, what you don’t know,
and whatN to do about it.
Don’t always wait for others to tell you
what to learn or how to do it.
?
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Text A
3 Know Yourself Begin by honestly assessing your strengths
and weaknesses in basic college skills and identify your learning
N style. Consider whether you learn most effectively by reading,
N or doing.
watching, listening,
You must also become familiar with
your teachers
teaching styles; adjusting your learning
style to theirsN will be to your advantage.
In addition, consider when and where
you are at your best for learning. (Are
you a morning person or a night owl?
Do you like to be alone or with others?
Do you concentrate best in a bright
room with noise or in a quiet corner?)
?
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Text A
4 Manage Your Time and Life Learn to manage your time and
control your own life. Identify what your goals are and then
establish priorities to help you reach them. If you aren’t spending
time on your
priorities, you must make the necessary adjustments
N
or you won’t reachNyour goals. If school learning and good grades
are priorities, then you must make and follow a schedule that gives
enough time for class and study.
?
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Text A
5 Improve Your Concentration As a good student, you will not
necessarily study more than a poor student, but you will certainly
N
use your study time more effectively.
Learn to keep your attention
focused on the task at hand. When you are in class or ready to
study, give it Nyour full attention. ( How well you learn something,
not how fast you learn it, is the critical factor in remembering. You
must “get” something before you can “forget” it.)
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Text A
6 Know What Study Means & How to Do It
Learning takes
more than just going to class and doing homework. It is really a
four part cycle:
preview →class →review →study →
When you establish a learning cycle routine you will be able to
learn more in less time.
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Text A
7 Become An Active Reader
To learn from reading or
studying, you must be an active, thinking participant in the
process (not a passive bystander). Always preview the reading and
make sure you have a specific purpose for each assignment. Read
actively to fulfil your purpose and answer questions
about the
N
material. Keep involved by giving yourself frequent tests on what
you’ve read.
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Text A
8 Build Listening & Notetaking Skills
NCarefully
listening to a
lecture and deciding what is important are two aspects that must be
mastered before you worry about how to take notes. Again, being an
active participant is the key to your success.
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Text A
9 True education is not about cramming material into your
brain. Instead, true education is a process of expanding your
capabilities, of bringing yourself into the world. Professors can
only set the stage for you to create learning through your own
actions.
(538 words)
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1） What are the basis of effective learning? Why?
Effective study skills and strategies are the basis of effective learning
because they give one an opportunity to learn systematically and
independently.
2) How can one become a successful student?
One can become a successful student by always using good study
habits and learning to apply the theories one learns to practice.
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Language Points
effective //: a. having an effect; producing the desired
result
e.g.
有效的；产生预期结果的
The medicine is an effective cure for a headache.
T
这种药治头痛有很好的疗效。
The government has to take some effective measures to deal
with the problem.
T
政府不得不采取一些有效的措施来处理这个问题。
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strategy / /: n. ［复数strategies］ (art of) planning and
directing
an operation in a war or campaign; (skill of)
e.g.
planning or managing any affair well
战略；策略
What strategies do you use to teach a child to read?
T
你用什么方法教孩子阅读？
Our business strategy will increase sales and keep down costs.
T
我们的经营策略将增加销售额并降低成本。
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basis / /: n. ［复数bases］ thing on which sth. is based;
foundation
基础
e.g.
Don’t judge a person on the basis of appearance.
T
不要以相貌取人。
Being friendly toward others is the basis of her philosophy.
T
友善待人是她人生观的基点。
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opportunity //: n. ［复数opportunities］ favorable
time,
occasion, chance, etc. for doing sth.
e.g.
机会，时机
I’ll have another opportunity to visit the exhibition next year.
T
明年我还有一次机会参观这个展览会。
It will give you an opportunity to meet all kinds of people.
T
那将给予你一个遇见各种人的机会。
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systematic //: a. done or acting according to a system
or plan
e.g.
系统的
Engineers need to be able to analyze problems in a systematic way.
T
工程师必须能够系统地分析问题。
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habit / /: n. thing that one does normally or regularly (and often
cannot
e.g.
change easily) 习惯
It’s a good habit to go for a walk after supper.
T
晚饭后散步是个好习惯。
Once a habit is formed, it is difficult to get rid of it.
T
习惯一旦形成，就难以摆脱。
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Language Points
By always using good study habits and learning to work like a successful
student, you can become one.
始终运用良好的学习习惯，学会像一名成功的学生那样学习，你也能成为一名成功的
学生。
本句中的介词by表示“通过…方式”。同样的例子还有第三段中的 Begin by
honestly assessing your strengths and weaknesses…。
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3) What are the things one must learn, since learning is a very personal
matter?
One must learn what one knows, what one doesn’t know, and
what to do about it.
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personal / /: a. of or belonging to a particular person; private
个人的；私人的
e.g.
This is my personal opinion.
T
这是我的个人意见。
a personal letter
T
私人信件
He left the job for personal reasons.
T
他是因为个人原因而离职的。
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situation //: n. set of circumstances or state of affairs,
esp. at a
certain time 状况，处境；局面，形势
e.g.
He found himself in a difficult situation.
T
他发现自己陷入了困境。
The company is in a poor financial situation.
T
公司财务状况不佳。
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therefore / /: ad. for that reason; so 因此，所以
e.g.
I was ill, and therefore could not come.
T
我病了，所以没能来。
He has broken his leg and therefore he can’t walk.
T
他摔断了腿，因此不能走路了。
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… learn what to do about it.
……了解该怎么去做。
在英语中，句型“疑问词+动词不定式”结构具有名词的性质，在句中作宾语，
主语和表语等。在本句中，what to do about it 作动词 learn 的宾语。下一句
中有同样的例子：tell you what to learn or how to do it，其中 what to
learn or how to do it 作动词 tell 的直接宾语。
又如：
Where to stay for the night has not been decided.
T
晚上住哪里尚未决定。（主语）
She has forgotten whom to ask.
T
她忘了该问谁。（宾语）
The question is which to buy.
T
问题是买哪一个。（表语）
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Language Points
Don’t always wait for others to tell you what to learn or how to do it.
不要老是等着别人告诉你学习什么或怎么学习。
本句是祈使句的否定形式，表示劝告、建议、命令等语气。本文中有许多祈使句。
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4) How many study skills and strategies does the writer offer? What are
they?
The writer offers six study skills and strategies. They are Know
Yourself, Manage Your Time and Life, Improve Your Concentration,
Know What Study Means & How to Do It, Become An Active Reader,
and Build Listening & Note taking Skills.
5) How can one know oneself?
One can know oneself by honestly assessing one’s own strengths
and weaknesses in basic college skills and identifying one’s learning
styles.
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Language Points
assess //: vt. decide or fix the amount or value of (sth.); evaluate
估定…的数额（或价值）；估价；评价
e.g.
Damages were assessed at $1,000.
T
损失估计为1000美元。
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identify //: vt. show, prove, etc. who or what (sb./sth.)
is;
recognize (sb./sth. as being the specified person
or thing)鉴定（或证明）（某人 / 某事物）；识出，识别
e.g.
Can you identify the man who robbed you?
T
你能认出那个抢劫你的人吗？
His handwriting is difficult to identify.
T
他的笔迹很难辨认。
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style //: n. manner of writing or speaking; manner of doing
anything
文体；风格
e.g.
He is supposed to be a great writer, but I don’t like his style.
T
人们认为他是一个伟大的作家，但我不喜欢他的写作风格。
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Language Points
Consider whether you learn most effectively by reading, watching,
listening, or doing.
要考虑你学习效果最佳的手段是阅读、观察、听课还是实际操作。
连词 whether 通常与 or 连用，表示选择。
e.g.
I don’t know whether to work or to rest.
T
我不知道该工作还是该休息。
It is not important whether we go or stay.
T
我们是走还是留并不重要。
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adjust //: vt. change (sth.), usu. a little, in order to fit in (with sth.
else); make suited (to new conditions)
调节；改变…以适应
e.g.
He adjusted (himself) very quickly to the heat of the country.
T
他(使自己)很快就适应了这个国家炎热的气候。
If the chair is too high/low, you can adjust it to suit you.
T
如果椅子太高/矮，你可以把它调节一下以适合你。
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advantage //: n. condition or circumstance that gives
one
superiority or success; benefit; profit
e.g.
有利条件；优点；好处，利益
Mary speaks good English, because she has an advantage —
her mother is English.
T
玛丽英语说得好，因为她有一个有利条件，她母亲是英国人。
For a goalkeeper, it’s a great advantage to have big hands.
T
对守门员来说，有一双大手是十分有利的。
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at its / one’s best: in the best state or form
处于最佳状态
e.g.
Our hometown is at its best in May.
T
我们的家乡五月最美。
The player was at his best when he won the prize.
T
获奖时该选手处于最佳状态。
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Language Points
…consider when and where you are at your best for learning.
= … consider when you are at your best for learning and where you are
at your best for learning.
……还要考虑你在什么时候、什么地方处于最佳学习状态。
这是一个省略句。如果一个句子中有两个并列的名词性从句，从句相同而wh连词
不同，则可省略第一个从句，只保留连词。
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owl / /: n.
猫头鹰
e.g.
a night owl
T
熬夜的人, 深夜不睡的人
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concentrate / /: v. focus one’s attention, effort, etc.
exclusively
and intensely (on sth.) 全神贯注，专心致志
e.g.
Concentrate on your work.
T
全神贯注于你的工作。
If you concentrate all your energies on the study of English, you
will master the language.
T
如果你把所有的精力都用于学习英语，你就能掌握这门语言。
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You must also become familiar with your teachers’ teaching styles;
adjusting your learning style to theirs will be to your advantage.
你还必须熟悉教师们的教学风格;调整自己的学习风格与之相适应对你将是有利的。
to sb’s advantage: with results which are profitable or helpful to sb.
对某人有利
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6) How can one manage one’s time and life?
One can manage his time and life by identifying what one’s goals
are and then establishing priorities to help reach them.
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establish //: vt. set up; give a firm and permanent basis to (a
rule,
a business, etc.); prove the truth of (sth.) 建立，设立；
e.g.
确立；证实
Early in our friendship we established the rule that we each pay for
ourselves.
T
在我们友谊的早期，我们就确立了AA制的原则。
Newton established the law of gravity.
T
牛顿确立了万有引力定律。
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priority //: n. ［复数priorities］ (state of) being more
important;
right to have or do sth. before others; thing that is
(regarded as) more important than others优先；重点；
优先权；优先考虑的事
e.g.
When there is not much food, children have the priority.
T
食物不多时，孩子们有优先权。
Our priority is to feed the hungry.
T
我们的首要任务是让饥饿的人有饭吃。
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… you must make the necessary adjustments or you won’t reach your
goals.
……你就必须做必要的调整，否则你就不会实现你的目标。
句中连词or表示“否则、要不然”。
e.g.
Hurry, or you will be late.
T
赶快，否则你就会迟到了。
You should sleep more, or you’ll make yourself ill.
T
你应该多睡一些，不然你会使自己生病的。
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adjustment /'d/: n. modification or correction
调
整
e.g.
make adjustments in oil prices
T
调整石油价格
I have made a few adjustments to the plan.
T
我已经对计划作了一些调整。
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Language Points
If school learning and good grades are priorities, then you must make and
follow a schedule that gives enough time for class and study.
如果在校学习和好成绩是你优先考虑的目标，那你就必须制订一个给上课和学习足够
时间的时间表，并照着这个时间表去做。
英语的 if…then…结构通常从句以 if 开头，主句以 then 开头。if 从句表示说话人
所做的一个假设，then 主句陈述逻辑推理关系的结果。
e.g.
If yesterday was Monday, then today is Tuesday.
T
如果昨天是星期一，那么今天就是星期二。
If two men can finish the work in four hours, then four men can
finish it in two hours.
T
如果两个人4小时能完成这一工作，那么4个人两小时就能完成它。
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schedule / , US /: n. timetable; program
of work to be
done or of planned events
时间表；日程安排表
e.g.
They fulfilled the production plan ahead of schedule.
T
他们提前完成了生产计划。
What’s your schedule for tomorrow?
T
你明天有什么安排？
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7) In what way is a good student different from a poor student?
A good student uses his or her study time more effectively than a
poor student.
8) What is the critical factor in remembering?
How well one learns something, not how fast one learns it, is the
critical factor in remembering.
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Language Points
necessarily /; US /: ad. as an
inevitable result
必然，必定
e.g.
Big men aren’t necessarily strong men.
T
高大的人不一定强壮。
Leaves are not necessarily green.
T
叶子不一定就是绿的。
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Learn to keep your attention focused on the task at hand.
学会把注意力一直集中在手头的任务上。
句型 keep + 名词/代词 + 过去分词/现在分词/形容词/副词/介词短语，表示
使…保持某一状态。
e.g.
Keep me informed while I am away.
Keep the fire burning.
She kept us busy.
T
T
不要让火熄了。
她让我们忙个不停。
The rain kept us indoors that day.
keep sb. in office
T
我不在的时候请随时把情况告诉我。
T
T
那天的雨使我们一直呆在屋里。
使某人留任
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Language Points
attention //: n. action of applying one’s mind to
sb./sth.
e.g.
注意；专心
The Mayor promised to give the matter his personal attention.
T
市长答应亲自过问此事。
Don’t pay any attention to him — he’s always saying stupid things.
T
不要理他——他老是说傻话。
BACK
Language Points
focus / /: v. concentrate (one’s attention, etc.) on
(sth.)
e.g.
将（注意力等）集中于（某事物）
They focused all their attention on finding a solution to the problem.
T
他们集中全部注意力寻找解决问题的办法。
You must try to focus your mind on work and study.
T
你应该努力把思想集中在工作和学习上。
BACK
Language Points
at hand: near; close by; about to happen
近在手边；在附近；即将发生
e.g.
When I write, I always keep a dictionary at hand.
T
我写作时总是把一本词典放在手边。
He lives close at hand.
T
他住在附近。
There are some good shops at hand.
The examinations are at hand.
T
T
附近有几家不错的商店。
考试即将举行。
BACK
Language Points
How well you learn something, not how fast you learn it, is the critical factor in
remembering.
记忆的关键因素不是你对某样东西学得多么快，而是你学习得多么好。
本句的主语是由how引导的名词性从句。名词性从句可充当主语，宾语，同位语和表语。
e.g.
That money doesn’t grow on trees is obvious.
T 金钱不会从树上长出来是显而易见的。（that引导的名词性从句作主语）
When he did it is not known.
T 没有人知道他什么时候干了这件事。（when引导的名词性从句作主语）
The problem is what should be done to help him.
T 问题是该做些什么来帮助他。(what引导的名词性从句作表语)
Everybody knows that money doesn’t grow on trees.
T 众所周知，金钱不会从树上长出来。（that引导的名词性从句作宾语）
We must face the fact that the war has killed many people.
T 我们必须正视战争已经夺取了许多人的生命这一事实。(that引导的名词性从句作同位语)
BACK
Language Points
critical / /: a. looking for faults; pointing out faults; of or at a
crisis;
decisive; crucial
e.g.
批评的；危机中的；危急时刻的；决定性的；关键的
a man with a critical eye
T
具有批判眼光的人
a critical moment
T
关键时刻
a critical decision
T
重大的决定
He is critical about everything.
T
他样样挑剔。
The next two weeks will be critical for the company.
T
接下来的两周对该公司来说将是关键性的。
BACK
Language Points
factor / /: n. fact, circumstance, etc. that helps to produce a
result
e.g.
因素
His manner is a factor in his success.
T
他的举止是他取得成功的一个因素。
An important factor in our decision to leave the country was my
daughter’s education.
T
我们决定离开这个国家的一个重要因素是我女儿的教育。
BACK
9) What does learning really mean?
Learning means more than just going to class and doing homework. It
is really a four part cycle: preview →class →review →study →.
BACK
Language Points
cycle //: n. series of events that are regularly repeated in the
same
order 循环；周期
e.g.
a cycle of the seasons
T
四季的循环
Life follows its usual cycle: birth, growth, and death.
T
生命遵循它的常规循环：出生，成长，死亡。
BACK
Language Points
preview / /: v. 预习
BACK
Language Points
review //: vt. go over (work already learnt) in
preparation for
an exam 复习（功课）
BACK
10) What must one do to learn from reading or studying?
To learn from reading or studying, one must be an active, thinking
participant in the process (not a passive bystander).
BACK
Language Points
active //: a. 积极的；主动的；活跃的
e.g.
to take an active part in
T
积极参加
He is an active member of the club.
T
他是俱乐部的积极分子。
BACK
Language Points
participant //: n. person who takes part or becomes
involved
in an activity 参加者
e.g.
He is an active participant in social work.
T
他积极参加社会工作。
BACK
Language Points
process / /: n. series of actions or operations performed in
order to
do, make or achieve sth. 过程，进程；步骤，程序
e.g.
The process of growing up can be very difficult for a child.
T
成长的过程对一个孩子而言可能非常困难。
the process of digestion
T
消化过程
We are still in the process of decorating the house.
T
我们仍在对房子进行装修。
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passive / /: a. not active; submissive
被动的；消极的
e.g.
His response was passive.
T
他的反应是消极的。
Doctors say passive smoking has caused his lung cancer.
T
医生说被动吸烟导致他患了肺癌。
BACK
Language Points
bystander / /: n. person standing near, but not taking part,
when
sth. happens; onlooker
旁观者
e.g.
There were several bystanders at the scene of the accident.
T
事故现场有几个旁观者。
BACK
Language Points
specific //: a. detailed, precise and exact; relating to one
particular
thing, etc.; not general 明确的，确切的；特定的；具体的
e.g.
I want a specific answer.
T
我想要一个明确的回答。
What are your specific aims?
T
事故现场有几个旁观者。
BACK
Language Points
purpose / /: n. thing that one intends to do, get, be, etc.;
intention
e.g.
目的；意图
He went to town with the purpose of buying a new television.
T
他进城的目的是买一台新电视机。
Did you come to Beijing for the purpose of seeing your family, or
for business purposes?
T
你这次来北京是为了探亲还是为了办公事？
BACK
Language Points
fulfil(l) //: ［fulfilled, fulfilling］ vt. perform (sth.); bring (sth.)
to
completion; satisfy (sth.) 履行；实现；满足
e.g.
fulfil a purpose
T
达到目的
If he’s lazy, he’ll never fulfil his ambition to achieve anything.
T
如果他不努力,他将永远也不会实现有所成就的抱负
fulfil one’s promise
T
履行诺言
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Language Points
material / /: n. substance or things from which sth. else
is or can
be made; thing with which sth. is done; pieces of information
that can be used to prepare a book, report, etc.
e.g.
材料；原料；素材；资料
He is collecting material for a new book.
T
他正在为一本新书收集资料。
teaching materials
T
教材
Building materials are expensive now.
T
现在的建筑材料很贵。
BACK
Language Points
Keep involved by giving yourself frequent tests on what you’ve read.
要经常就已读过的内容考考自己，从而使自己一直全神贯注。
what you’ve read是名词性从句，在本句中作介词on的宾语。
e.g.
It depends on when he did it.
T
这取决于他什么时候干了此事。
I’m interested in what he did.
T
我对他做的事情很感兴趣。
BACK
Language Points
involve //: vt. cause (sb./sth.) to take part in (an activity or a
situation);
bring (sb. / sth.) into (a difficult situation); include (sth.)
as a necessary part
e.g.
使参与；使陷入；使卷入；牵涉；包含，含有
He was involved in working out a plan.
T
他专心致志于制订计划。
Don’t involve other people in your trouble.
T
别把别人牵涉进你的麻烦中去。
This lesson involves a lot of work.
T
这一课需要做的工作有很多。
BACK
Language Points
frequent / /: a. happening often; habitual
时常发生的，频繁的；经常的，惯常的
e.g.
I enjoyed his frequent visits.
T
我喜欢他经常来访。
Rains are frequent here in early summer.
T
这儿在初夏季节经常下雨。
BACK
11) What must one master when taking notes?
One must master two aspects: carefully listening to a lecture and
deciding what is important.
BACK
Language Points
Carefully listening to a lecture and deciding what is important are two
aspects that must be mastered before you worry about how to take notes.
仔细听课并决定哪些内容重要是必须先掌握的两个方面，然后再考虑怎么去记笔记。
本句的主语是两个动名词短语 Carefully listening to a lecture and deciding
what is important。
BACK
Language Points
lecture //: n. talk giving information about a subject to an
audience
or a class, often as part of a teaching program 演讲；讲课
e.g.
attend a lecture
T
听课；听演讲
deliver/give a lecture
T
讲课, 讲演
Who’s giving the lecture tonight?
T
今天晚上谁作演讲？
BACK
Language Points
aspect //: n. particular part or side of sth. being considered 方面
e.g.
This is only one aspect of the problem.
T
这只是问题的一个方面。
We must consider all aspects of the plan before deciding.
T
在做决定之前我们必须考虑计划的方方面面。
BACK
Language Points
master //:
1. n. man who has others working for him or under him;
employer; skilled worker in a trade主人；雇主；师傅；能手
e.g.
Where is the master of the house?
He was a master of English style.
T
T
房主在哪儿?
他是一位英文文体大师。
2. vt. gain considerable knowledge of or skill in (sth.) 掌握，精通
e.g.
English is a language difficult to master.
T
英语是一种难掌握的语言。
I haven’t mastered the art of playing the piano.
T
我还没有掌握弹钢琴的艺术。
BACK
Language Points
worry about: be anxious about
对…担忧，对…担心
e.g.
Don’t worry about such foolish questions.
T
不要为这些愚蠢的问题烦恼。
She worries too much about her health.
T
她过于担心自己的健康。
BACK
Language Points
take notes: write notes
作记录，记笔记
e.g.
Take notes while you are listening to the lecture.
T
听课时请记笔记。
The journalist took notes throughout the interview.
T
整个采访过程中记者都在作记录。
BACK
12) What is true education?
True education is a process of expanding one’s capabilities, of
bringing oneself into the world.
BACK
Language Points
cram / /:［crammed, crammed］ vt. push or force too much of
(sth.)
into; fill (all the available space of sth.) (with people or thing)
把…塞进；把…塞满
e.g.
It’s dangerous for too many people to be crammed into a bus.
T
公共汽车超载是危险的。
His head was crammed with useless facts.
T
他的脑子里塞满了无用的事实。
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Language Points
expand //: v. (cause sth. to) become greater in size,
number or
importance 扩大；扩充；扩展
e.g.
expand one’s knowledge of foreign countries
T
扩大对外国的知识
The company has expanded its operations in Stanford by opening a
new branch office there.
T
这家公司在斯坦福新开了一家分理处，扩大了在那儿的经营。
Our foreign trade was expanded greatly in recent years.
T
我国的对外贸易近年来有了很大的扩展。
BACK
Language Points
capability //: n. ［复数capabilities］ quality of
being able to do
sth.; ability
能力；才能
e.g.
He has shown great capabilities in his job.
T
他在工作中表现出了很强的能力。
The little girl has great capability as a singer and should be trained.
T
这个小女孩很有当歌手的才能,应该加以培养。
BACK
Language Points
professor //: n. (title of a ) university teacher of the highest
rank
（大学）教授
e.g.
an associate professor
T
副教授
a full professor
T
正教授
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Language Points
set the stage for: prepare for; make it possible or easy for (sb.) to do sth.
为…创造条件，为…作好准备；使成为可能
e.g.
The American company has been setting the stage recently for
progress in China.
T
这家么美国公司最近一直为在中国取得进展作准备。
BACK
Text A Exercises
 Reading Aloud
 Understanding the Text
 Reading Analysis
 Vocabulary
 Structure
 Translation
BACK
Reading Aloud
1. Read the following paragraphs until you have learned them by heart.
Effective study skills and strategies are the basis of effective
learning. They give you an opportunity to learn systematically and
independently. By always using good study habits and learning to
work like a successful student, you can become one.
Learning is a very personal matter. There isn’t one study skill or
learning strategy that works for every person in every situation.
Therefore, you must learn what you know, what you don’t know, and
what to do about it. Don’t always wait for others to tell you what to
learn or how to do it.
BACK
Understanding the Text
2. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the basis of effective learning? Why?
2. How can one become a successful student?
3. What are the things one must learn, since learning is a very personal
matter?
4. How many study skills and strategies does the writer offer? What are
they?
5. How can one know oneself?
6. How can one manage one’s time and life?
7. In what way is a good student different from a poor student?
8. What is the critical factor in remembering?
9. What does learning really mean?
10. What must one do to learn from reading or studying?
11. What must one master when taking notes?
12. What is true education?
BACK
NEXT
3.
Topics for Discussion.
1. In the text, the writer presents several study skills and strategies.
Among
them, which do you think are the most effective for your studies? Do
you have any other effective study skills and strategies ? If yes,
please introduce them to the class.
2. Have you experienced any difficulties in learning? How have you
managed to conquer them?
BACK
Reading Analysis
4.
Read Text A again and complete the following table.
Part
Topic
Topic Sentence
1
The basis of
effective
_________
learning
_________
Effective study skills
and strategies are
the basis of effective
learning.
2
Different
people
learn
differently
______________
Learning
is a very
personal matter
______________.
Details
systematically
They help you to learn ____________
independently
and ____________.
You can become a successful student
by using
these skills and strategies
__________________________.
Different people need different study
skills and strategies.
Do what you must and don’t wait for
other people to tell
you what to learn
_________________
or how to do it
_____________.
BACK
NEXT
Part
Topic
3
Know
_______
yourself
________
4
Manage
your time
and life
Topic Sentence
(Begin by) honestly
Assess(ing) your
strengths and
weaknesses in basic
college skills and
identify your learning
style.
_____________
Learn to manage
_____________
your time and
_____________
control your
________.
own life
Details
Consider how you can learn most
effectively.
Be familiar with _____________
your teachers’
teaching styles
______________.
time and place
Know your best ______________
for learning.
Identify your goals and establish
priorities. Make necessary
adjustments to reach your goals.
NEXT
Part
5
6
Topic
Topic Sentence
Details
You must use your time more
Learn to keep your
Improve your ________________
attention focused on effectively than others.
concentration ________________
Give your full
the task at hand
attention to whatever
_______________.
__________
you do.
Know
what
__________
study
__________
means &
__________
how to do it
__________
It is really a fourpart cycle.
Learning means more than just
______________________
going to class and doing
_________.
homework
Following the learning cycle will help
learn more in less time
you to _____________________.
NEXT
Part
Topic
Topic Sentence
7
__________________
To learn from reading
__________________
or studying, you must
Become an
__________________
be an active, thinking
active reader __________________
participant in the
_______________.
process
8
Carefully listening to a lecture
Build listening and deciding what is
__________
& notetaking important are two aspects
that must be mastered before
skills
you worry about _________
how to
take notes
__________.
Details
Always _________________.
preview the reading
Read actively and answer
questions.
____________________.
Test yourself frequently
To succeed, you must be
an active participant.
NEXT
Part
9
Topic
Topic Sentence
The
essence
(要素) of
True education is a
process of expanding
your capabilities, of
bringing yourself into
the world.
education
_________
Details
Don’t just cram material into your
brain.
Professors set the stage, but you
_____________________________.
must learn through your own action
BACK
5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the forms where
necessary.
basis
involve
opportunity
master
therefore
establish
necessarily process
attention
effective
fulfil
purpose
1. Once you have made a promise, you should _______
it.
fulfil
process with many
2. Applying (申请) to enter a university is a complicated _______
steps to follow.
3. You must give your full attention
_______ to what you are doing.
_________ make the best teachers,
4. Although the brightest students do not necessarily
most teachers were good students.
_______ in reading the book that he didn’t even hear the knock
5. He was so involved
at the door.
BACK
NEXT
basis
involve
opportunity
master
therefore
establish
necessarily process
attention
effective
fulfil
purpose
6. We have to have a(n) effective
_______ plan if we are to deal with this serious problem.
7. John has established
_________ a close relationship（关系) with some of his classmates.
8. If you understand a foreign language and can make yourself understood
when speaking and writing, you have ________
mastered it.
9. Getting rich seems to be his only ________
purpose in life.
10. Don’t miss thisopportunity
_________: it may never come again.
11. He works hard and ________
therefore has a good chance of winning the prize.
12. The _____
basis of their friendship is a common interest in sports.
NEXT
6. Fill in the blanks with the expressions given below. Change the forms
where necessary.
adjust… to
at one’s best
focus… on
at hand
worry about
take notes
set the stage for
to sb.’s advantage
1. Most athletes are ___________
at their best during their youth.
2. If you feel cold, you can adjust
to your taste.
_____ the temperature in the room ___
3. Mary __________
takes notes on everything that’s said in class and reviews them in
the evening.
4. This weekend’s talks between the two leaders have ______________
set the stage for a peace
agreement to be reached.
on anything.
5. I’m so tired that I can’t focus
_____ my attention___
NEXT
adjust… to
at one’s best
focus… on
at hand
worry about
take notes
set the stage for
to sb.’s advantage
6. He has the good habit of keeping a dictionary _______
at hand when he’s reading
or writing.
7. Your parents ____________
worried about you: do write to them.
8. You will find it _______________
to your advantage to learn French before you visit France.
BACK
7. Rewrite the following sentences according to the model.
Model:
If you want to reach your goals, you must make the necessary adjustments.
→You must make the necessary adjustments or you won’t reach your goals.
1. If I don’t want to be late for class, I must go now.
I must go now or I will be late for class.
2. If he didn’t want to go hungry, he had to have a job.
He had to have a job or he would go hungry.
3. Put on your coat if you don’t want to catch cold.
Put on your coat or you will catch cold.
BACK
NEXT
4. If you don’t want to feel sorry, take care what you say.
Take care what you say or you will feel sorry.
5. You have to go early if you want to get a seat.
You have to go early or you won’t get a seat.
NEXT
8. Study the following example and then complete the following sentences
by translating the Chinese into English.
Example:
If school learning and good grades are priorities, then you must make and
follow a schedule that gives enough time for class and study.
1. If
you master effective study skills and strategies , then you can be a
_______________________________________
successful student. (如果你掌握了有效的学习技能和策略)
2. If the book isn’t in your bag, ______________________
then it must be on the table . (那它肯定在桌子上)
_________________________________
they haven’t made a decision by Friday , then let’s try something else.
3. If
(如果他们到星期五还没有作出决定的话)
4. If you have a headache and feel weak, ________________
then you must be ill . (那你肯定是病了)
both men say they haven’t taken the money , then one of them must be lying.
5. If____________________________________
(如果两个人都说没有拿钱)
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9.
Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 如果你把注意力集中在学习上,你肯定能实现你的目标，成为一名成功的学生。
______________________________________________________
If you keep your attention focused on learning, then you can reach
______________________________________________________
your goal of becoming a successful student.
2. 好学生知道如何更有效地利用他的学习时间。这就是他能在较少的时间里学到更多东
西的原因。
__________________________________________________________
A good student knows how to use his study time more effectively. That’s
__________________________________________________________
why he is able to learn more in less time.
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NEXT
3. 如果你手头有很多任务，你必须确定优先考虑的目标，否则你将一事无成。
______________________________________________________
If you have many tasks at hand, you must establish priorities or you
______________________________________________________
will achieve.
4. 对别人有效的学习策略不一定对你也有效，因此要作出必要的调整以达到最佳效果。
______________________________________________________
Learning strategies that work for others do not necessarily work for
______________________________________________________
you, therefore you must make the necessary adjustments to your
______________________________________________________
best advantage.
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5. 扩展自己的能力而不是把知识塞进脑子里才是你成功的关键。
______________________________________________________
Expanding your capabilities instead of cramming knowledge into your
______________________________________________________
brain is the key to your success.
6. 要在学习上做得好，你就必须在学习过程中成为一名积极的参与者，而不是一名消极
的旁观者。
________________________________________________
If you want to do well in your studies, you must be an active
__________________________________________________
participant in the process of learning, not a passive bystander.
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Practical Writing
Notices
A notice is an announcement containing information about a future
event. We write notice to tell people something that is about to happen or,
sometimes, something that has happened. In our life we write notices on a
variety of topics including recommended practices in an organization,
relocation of the department, apology, warning, etc.
Questions the notice should answer include the following:
 Who? (Who is the sponsor, who is the speaker, who should come, may
they
bring friends or guest, etc.)
 What? (What is the subject, what is the method of presentation, etc.)
 When? (Day, date, time, etc.)
 Where? (Address, building, room, etc.)
 Any other key facts? (e.g. cost, if any)
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For example:
COME AND HEAR BILL GATES LECTURE
3:30 p.m. Tuesday March 5th in the Harvard College
Auditorium
Topic: “How to Get Rich and Enjoy It”
Questions allowed afterward
Here are some things to do in the notice:
 Keep writing brief, simple and to-the-point.
 Use an appropriate, consistent layout, for example, use bulleted list for
items.
 Ensure that everyone has access to the information.
In addition, the notice should be put up in reasonable amount of time
before the event and it should be understandable to every member of the
community.
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11.
Please write a notice in English for the Department Office based on
the Chinese one given below.
通
知
本系全体教师、学生1月16日（星期五）2:00在会议室听时事报告，望届时参加。
系办公室
2004年1月12日
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Suggested Answer:
NOTICE
All teachers and students of the Department are requested to meet
in the Conference Room on Friday (Jan.16) at 2:00 to hear a report on
current events.
The Department Office
Jan.12, 2004
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11.
The English reading-room is now ready to open, please write a notice
using the information given below in Chinese.
 阅览室新进了一些英文小说，欢迎大家借阅。
 英语墙报将开设新版 (edition)，欢迎大家写文章或读书报告。
 上学期借书未还的同学请办理续借 (renew) 或还书手续，否则，将不准使用
本阅览室。
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Suggested Answer:
NOTICE
The English reading-room is now ready to open. We hope you all
enjoy reading and studying here.
 We have bought some English novels which you are
welcome
to borrow at any time.
 The English wall-newspaper will have a new edition. Please
send
your articles and reading reports to us.
 Those who borrowed books from here last term should either return
the
books or renew them, or else you can’t use the reading-room.
Nov.12,2003
English Reading-room
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