Transcript Document

Socioemotional
Development in
Middle
Adulthood
Chapter 16
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter Outline
• Personality theories and adult development
• Stability and change
• Close relationships
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
• Stages of adulthood
– Erikson’s generativity versus stagnation
• Generativity - Adults’ desire to leave legacies of
themselves to the next generation
• Stagnation: Develops when individuals sense that they
have done nothing for the next generation
• Generativity can be developed in a number of ways
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Biological generativity
Parental generativity
Work generativity
Cultural generativity
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 16.2 - Levinson’s Periods of Adult
Development
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
• Stages of adulthood
– Levinson’s seasons of a man’s life
• Teens – transition from dependence to independence
• 20s are a novice phase of adult development
• 30s are a time for focusing on family and career
development
• By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look
forward to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged
adult
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
• Stages of adulthood
– Levinson’s seasons of a man’s life
• Transition to middle adulthood lasts - Conflicts
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Being young vs. being old
Being destructive vs. being constructive
Being masculine vs. being feminine
Being attached to others vs. being separated from them
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
• Stages of adulthood
– How pervasive are midlife crises?
• The 40s are a decade of reassessing and recording the
truth about the adolescent and adult years
• Only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 16.3 - Emotional Instability and
Age
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 16.4 - Age and Well-Being
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
• Stages of adulthood
– Individual variations
• Middle-aged adults interpret, shape, alter, and give
meaning to their lives
• In 1/3 of cases where individuals report experiencing a
midlife crisis:
– Triggered by life events such as job loss, financial problems, or
illness
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
• The life-events approach
– Contemporary life-events approach: How life
events influence the individual’s development
depends on:
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•
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•
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Life event itself
Mediating factors
Individual’s adaptation to the life event
Life-stage context
Sociohistorical context
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 16.5 - A Contemporary Life-Events Framework for
Interpreting Adult Developmental Change
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
• The life-events approach
– Drawbacks
• Life-events approach places too much emphasis on
change, not adequately recognizing stability
• It may not be life’s major events that are the primary
sources of stress
– Daily experiences
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 16.6 - The Ten Most Frequent Daily Hassles and
Uplifts of Middle-Aged Adults over a Nine-Month Period
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
• Stress and personal control
– Stress, personal control, and age
• Middle-aged adults experience more “overload”
stressors that involve juggling too many activities at
once
• Some aspects of personal control increase with age
while others decrease
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
– Stress and gender
• Fight-or-flight: When men experience stress:
– Become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol
• Tend-and-befriend: When women experience stress:
– Seek social alliances with others, especially female friends
• Contexts of midlife development
– Historical contexts (Cohort effects)
• Changing historical times and different social
expectations influence:
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
– How different cohorts move through the life span
• Social clock: Timetable according to which individuals
are expected to accomplish life’s tasks
– Gender contexts
• Stage theories have a male bias
• The demands of balancing career and family are usually
not experienced as intensely by men
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Personality Theories and Development
• Contexts of midlife development
– Cultural contexts
• The concept of middle age is unclear or absent in many
cultures
• Middle age like for women - Depends on the modernity
of the culture and the culture’s view of gender roles
– Middle-aged women in nonindustrialized societies experience
certain advantages
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Stability and Change
• Longitudinal studies
– Costa and McCrae’s Baltimore Study
– Focused on the big five factors of personality
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 16.8 - The Big Five Factors of
Personality
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Stability and Change
• Longitudinal studies
– Berkeley longitudinal studies
• Intellectual orientation, self-confidence, and openness
to new experience were the more stable traits
• Characteristics that changed the most
– Extent to which individuals were nurturant or hostile
– Whether or not they had good self-control
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Stability and Change
• Longitudinal studies
– Helson’s Mills College Study
• Three main groups of women
– Family-oriented
– Career-oriented
– Neither path
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Stability and Change
• Longitudinal studies
– George Vaillant’s studies
• Conducted:
– Sample of 268 socially advantaged Harvard graduates born
about 1920
– Sample of 456 socially disadvantaged inner-city men born
about 1930
– Sample of 90 middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born
about 1910
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 16.9 - Links Between Characteristics at Age 50
and Health and Happiness at Age 75 to 80
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Stability and Change
• Conclusions
– Personality traits continue to change during the
adult years, even into late adulthood
– Cumulative personality model - With time and
age, people:
• Become more adept at interacting with their
environment in ways that:
– Promote the stability of personality
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Close Relationships
• Love and marriage at midlife
– Security, loyalty, and mutual emotional interest
are more important in middle adulthood
– Most married individuals are satisfied with their
marriages during midlife
– Divorce in middle adulthood may be more positive
in some ways, more negative in others
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Close Relationships
• The empty nest and its refilling
– Empty nest syndrome: Decrease in marital
satisfaction after children leave the home
• Parents derive considerable satisfaction from their
children
– Refilling of empty nest is a common occurrence
• Loss of privacy
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Close Relationships
• Sibling relationships and friendships
– Sibling relationships may be extremely close,
apathetic, or highly rivalrous
– Friendships that have endured over the adult
years tend to be deeper
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Close Relationships
• Grandparenting
– Grandparent roles and styles
• Three prominent meanings
– Source of biological reward and continuity
– Source of emotional self-fulfillment
– Remote role
– Three grandparenting styles
• Formal
• Fun-seeking
• Distant-figure
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Close Relationships
• Grandparenting
– The changing profile of grandparents
• Most common reasons are divorce, adolescent
pregnancies, and parental drug use
• Full-time grandparenting has been linked to health
problems, depression, and stress
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Close Relationships
• Intergenerational relationships
– Middle-aged adults express responsibility
between generations
– Midlife adults play important roles in the lives of
the young and the old
– Relationships between aging parents and their
children:
• Characterized by ambivalence
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Close Relationships
• Intergenerational relationships
– Differences in gender
• Mothers and daughters have closer relationships during
their adult years
• Married men are more involved with their wives’
families than with their own
• Grandparent-grandchild relationships
– Mothers’ intergenerational ties were more influential
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.