Transcript Document

Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by
Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
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Frederic H. Martini
Fundamentals of
Figure 23.17 The Respiratory Muscles
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Figure 23.17a-d
Thoracic Volume
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Figure 23.18 Respiratory Volumes and
Capacities
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Figure 23.18
Gas exchage at respiratory surface
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Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood
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Figure 23.24
Gas exchange at the tissue level
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Figure 23.27 Respiratory Centers and Reflex
Controls
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Figure 23.27
• Tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Pulmonary Ventilation
• The physical movement of air into and out of the
lungs
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Air movement
• Movement of air depends upon
• Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2
• Pressure and volume inverse relationship
• Volume depends on movement of
diaphragm and ribs
• Pressure and airflow to the lungs
• Compliance – an indication of the
expandability of the lungs
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Figure 23.14 Respiratory Pressure and Volume
Relationships
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Figure 23.14a, b
Pressure changes during inhalation and
exhalation
• Relationship between intrapulmonary pressure
and atmospheric pressure determines direction
of air flow
• Intrapleural pressure maintains pull on lungs
• Pressure in the space between parietal and
visceral pleura
• Intrapleural pressure is always less than
atmospheric.
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Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of Pulmonary
Ventilation
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Figure 23.15a-d
Figure 23.16 Pressure Changes during
Inhalation and Exhalation
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Figure 23.16
Mechanisms of breathing
• Quiet breathing (eupnea)
• Diaphragm and external and internal
intercostals muscles
• Forced breathing (hyperpnea)
• Accessory muscles
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Respiratory volumes
• Alveolar volume
• Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute
• Tidal Volume (VT)
• Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each
breath
• Vital capacity
• Tidal volume plus expiratory and inspiratory
reserve volumes
• Residual volume
• Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation
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Figure 23.20 An Overview of Respiratory
Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration
PLAY
Animation: Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration
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Figure 23.20a, b
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Oxygen transport
• Carried mainly by RBCs, bound to hemoglobin
• The amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carry is
dependent upon:
• PO2
• pH
• temperature
• BPG
• Fetal hemoglobin has a higher O2 affinity than adult
hemoglobin
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Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin
Saturation Curve
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Figure 23.21
Figure 23.22 The Effect of pH and Temperature
on Hemoglobin Saturation
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Figure 23.22a, b
Figure 23.23 A Functional Comparison of Fetal
and Adult Hemoglobin
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Figure 23.23
Respiratory centers of the brain
• Medullary centers
• Respiratory rhythmicity centers - set pace
• Pons
• Even out-smooth out inspiration/expiration
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Figure 23.28 The Chemoreceptor Response to
Changes in PCO2
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Figure 23.28
Gas absorption/generation balanced by capillary
rates of delivery/removal
• Homeostatic mechanisms maintain balance
• Local regulation of gas transport and alveolar
function include
• Lung perfusion
• Alveolar capillaries constrict in low oxygen
• Alveolar ventilation
• Bronchioles dilate in high carbon dioxide
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Respiratory reflexes
• Respiratory centers are modified by sensory information
including
• Chemoreceptor reflexes
• Level of carbon dioxide
• Baroreceptors reflexes
• Hering-Breuer reflexes
• Prevents overinflation
• Protective reflexes
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Voluntary control of respiration
• Regulation of respiratory rate is dependent upon:
• Conscious and unconscious thought
• Emotional state
• Anticipation
PLAY
Animation: Control of Respiration
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Diffusion and respiratory function
• Gas exchange across respiratory membrane is
efficient due to:
• Differences in partial pressure
• Small diffusion distance
• Lipid-soluble gases
• Large surface area of all alveoli
• Coordination of blood flow and airflow
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