Transcript Document

UNIT
8
Psychologically
Speaking
Lucretia Govedare
Background
Sigmund Freud
The First World War
Puritan and Quaker
Words and expressions
Game and activity
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Works:
Studies on Hysteria (with Breuer) Project for a
.
Scientific Psychology(unpublished) 1895.
‘The Interpretation of Dreams’ 1900
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life . 1901
Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria
1905
New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
1916
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
1921
The Future of an Illusion. 1927
Civilization and its Discontents. 1930
Moses and Monotheism. 1939
Sigmund Freud was born on May 6 1856, in the
small town of Freiberg, Moravia, which is now in
Czechoslovakia. He was the eldest of eight
children born to Jacob and Amalie Freud.
When Freud was about three
years old his father, who was a
wool merchant, lost much of his
business. The family were now
poor and had to leave Freiberg,
where Freud was happy, and go
to live in Vienna, the capital city
of Austria.
1866
Sigmund with his father
Jacob.
(Earliest known photo.)
Sigmund Freud
It was in Vienna that Freud came across antisemitism反犹太教 for the first time. Jewish people
had been persecuted in Europe for hundreds of
years and they would often be called names or
attacked on the street. Freud's father told him of
a time when a man knocked his hat into the road
and told him to get off the pavement. "What did
you do?" asked Freud. "I walked into the road
and picked up my hat" replied his father.That
incident made the young Freud feel more….
Freud was intelligent and hard-working at
school, and always liked to express his
opinions even when he disagreed with his
teachers or other pupils. When he was
older Freud said that he didn't think he
was particularly clever, even though he
often came top of the class - the most
important thing was working hard and
wanting to find out about things.
When he left school he was not sure what
he wanted to do. At first he thought he
would become a lawyer. Then he decided
to study medicine and become a doctor, so
he enrolled in the medical school of the
University of Vienna. From 1859 until
1938, Sigmund Freud was a doctor in
Vienna,
While he was at university he fell in love with Martha
Bernays, who was one of his sisters' friends, and he
asked her to marry him. They were engaged for four
years before they could finally marry.
.
1886
Freud married Martha Bernays:
this was their wedding photo
with wife on 25th
wedding anniversary
celebrated this year
Sigmund Freud
While he was still at university,Freud
decided to specialize in neurology, the
study and treatment of the brain and the
nervous system. In 1885, just before he
got married, he obtained a grant to go to
Paris to see the famous neurologist Jean
Martin Charcot. Freud returned from Paris
determined to study and treat mental
disorders. He called his new ideas
'psychoanalysis'
During all his time in Vienna the Freud family had to
suffer many hardships.
Firstly during the First World War,
And then in the economic depression when Austrian
money became almost worthless.
After the War there was a great epidemic of flu.
Freud's daughter Sophie died in 1920, and three
years later his grandson Heinerle died too.
In March1938, Freud come to London to flee from
the Nazis after the German annexation of Austria.
In 1939, he died in his study at 20 Maresfield
Garden, London, and later was cremated火葬. His
ashes are interred埋葬 in a Greek urn from his
collection, in the Columbarium at Golders Green
Crematorium, London.
The last 16 years of Freud's life were spent in
continual pain, physical discomfort. He had cancer of
the jaw (mouth) and was operated on over thirty more
times, as well as radiation treatment, the fitting of an
artificial palate and jaw, and an overdose of morphine
administered by his doctor. The operations also
caused deafness in his right ear, together with heart
failure. Throughout this time Freud continued to
smoke. He knew it was killing him but he carried on,
despite the advice of family, doctors, and friends.
In his six children, the youngest one, Anna Freud
became a pioneering psychoanalyst, and an important
theorist of psychoanalysis.
"I believe I owe to the cigar a great
intensification of my capacity to work
and a facilitation of my self control.
My model in this was my father, who was
a heavy smoker and remained one for his
entire life."
S.弗洛伊德
S.弗洛伊德 Sigmund Freud 1856-1939
奥地利心理学家，精神分析学派创始人。出生于
奥地利的摩拉维亚（现属捷克），三岁时随
父移居维也纳，1876年于维也纳大学医学系毕
业，·1881年获医学博士学位。1885年留学巴黎
，跟随法国精神医学家沙克学习臆病的催眠疗
法。归国后与神经病医生布洛伊尔合作，使用催
眠疗法治疗臆病患者。随着临床经验的增加，弗
洛伊德认为臆病是由性的原因引起的。
Freud Museum
S.弗洛伊德
S.弗洛伊德
the Freud Museum logo: It was adapted from these
doodles乱画胡写 drawn by Freud in the early
1920s, during a meeting of the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Society.
Because it represents a classical Greek motif it
was considered a suitable emblem 象征标志of the
Museum, which contains Freud‘s collection of
antiquities, including many Greek objects. The
drawing also suggests a simplified labyrinth.
Freud once said: “Psychoanalysis simplifies
life. Psychoanalysis supplies the thread that
leads a man out of the labyrinth."迷宫复杂
ABOUT PSYCHOANALYSIS
What psychoanalysis is?
patient lying on the couch
with the analyst sitting, pen
and notebook poised, behind him.
People asked already have such an idea of the
analytic situation from a thousand cartoon images.
Even jokes may familiarize us with some of the
essentials of analytic technique
What is Psychoanalysis?
psychoanalysis first emerged, was pioneered by Dr
Josef Breuer and his patient who described the
therapy from 1880 to 1882 as a "talking cure".
Freud: Some Elementary Lessons in Psychoanalysis,
“Psychoanalysis is part of the mental science of
psychology. It is also described as ‘depth
psychology’ ... If someone asks what ‘the
psychical’ really means, it is easy to reply by
enumerating列举 its constituents: our perceptions,
ideas, memories, feelings and acts of volition -- all
these form part of what is psychical." --------1938
What is Psychoanalysis?
As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on
the observation that individuals are often
unaware of many of the factors that
determine their emotions and behavior.
These unconscious factors may create
unhappiness, sometimes in the form of
recognizable symptoms and at other times as
troubling personality traits, difficulties
in work or in love relationships, or
disturbances in mood and self-esteem.
'the child is father to the adult'
Freud realized that some of the ideas that
affect people are unconscious - we do not
know about them even though they are in
our own minds. Freud said that this means
that people may do things without knowing
the real reason why they are doing it.
The unconscious is full of memories and
ideas from early childhood, but they are
'repressed' and made unconscious
because they are things we don't want to
think about, or they are forbidden.
The Interpretation Of Dreams
sometimes the repressed ideas from
childhood could show themselves in
dreams or nightmares, and one of his most
famous books was called The Interpretation
Of Dreams. The first dream Freud
interpreted was when he was on holiday at
a place called 'Bellevue'.
The Interpretation Of Dreams
Freud says that dreams are about all the things we
wish for. But rather than just wishing for something,
the dream shows us a picture as if the wish has come
true. So instead of thinking 'I wish I had an ice-cream',
a dream shows you actually eating the ice-cream!
But sometimes you are not allowed to have an icecream. Freud said that the wish is often forbidden, so
it becomes unconscious and repressed.
So part of you wants to make the wish come true and
part of you wants to stop the wish. Because of this the
wish is disguised, which means that the dream has to
be interpreted before it makes sense.
That's why Freud called his book The Interpretation of
Dreams.
The Interpretation Of Dreams
Gradually Freud developed the theory of
Psychoanalysis and the method of helping people
he called free association. With free
association Freud simply asked his patients to
lie on the couch and say anything that came
into their heads. He tried to interpret what
they said by relating it to the repressed ideas
and wishes in the unconscious. In this way he
hoped that things which were unconscious would
gradually become conscious, so that the patient
would have more control over them and they
would not be able to affect him or her so much.
The Interpretation Of Dreams
“Dreams are the disguised fulfilment of a
repressed, infantile幼稚的 wish”
“dreams are ‘egoistic’自我的利己的 - it's all me,
me, me - we become the hero of our own
private movie.”
Look at the cartoon of the ‘French
Nurse's Dream' reproduced in
The Interpretation of Dreams.
How do you know it is a dream?
Describe what happens in the
dream.
How do you think the events of the
dream relate to the daily life of the
dreamer?
What is the meaning or symbolism
of the dream-element 'water' in the
dream?
Look at it. Imagine that, instead of the
nurse, this is a dream dreamed by the
little child.
The Interpretation of Dreams
the last picture shows the nurse waking up and
an earlier picture shows something strange
happening. These two answers can be the
starting point for thinking about the
differences and similarities between the mind
and the outside world,dreams and waking life.
Two levels here: the dream related to the
subliminal潜意识的 stimulus (the baby crying or
whatever)- you can‘t get rid of it so it keeps
getting more and more insistent急迫的; and the
dream related to the life of the dreamer - a
governess or nurse looking after someone
else's children.
a child dream that a natural function urination. A possible way to think about the
emotional life of children.
The First World War（1914-1918）
World War One was the first mass global
war of the industrialized age, a destruction
industrialization allowed to occur on an
unprecedented scale, a demonstration of
the incredible power of modern states.
Introduction:
The First World War, fought between 1914
and 1918, was the first of the great worldwide conflicts of the twentieth century,
pitting the ‘Central Powers' of Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Turkey and smaller allies
against the ‘Entente,' notably the British
Empire, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, the
United States, and their allies.
Western Front
In World War One, the main theatre of war, the
Western Front, was deadlocked处于僵局 after the war's
start in 1914 until a few months before its end in 1918,
stretching in a continuous line of trenches from the
English Channel to the Swiss frontier. By 1916 the
forces of Germany, France and the British Empire,
armies millions of men strong, measured advances in
terms of a few miles gained over several months.
Casualties for each big attack or 'push' ran into
hundreds of thousands on both sides, with
calculations for victory based on national birth-rates to
replace the losses. This was not the kind of war that
anyone, including the politicians and generals who
directed it, wanted to fight.
By 1918, although the Western armies outnumbered
the Germans, the Western Front began to slow down
offensives攻势 into another phase of static warfare,
turning strategic situation into a murderous war of
attrition 消耗战 in which each shattered side could no
longer sustain an offensive. It was believed that a
successful Allied attack in the region of St. Mihiel, the
Metz, and Verdun would psychologically break the
Germans will to fight. This psychological theory was
similar to what had happened to the French armies at
Verdun in 1917. Then the Americans, from their bases
on the Rhine, could launch offensives into Germany.
12-16 Sept. 1918, the Western Front of France,
One of the most significant battles of World War
One was fought: the Battle of St. Mihiel.
The engagement was the first battle in which
American led forces,overcoming the bad weather
condition and in-depth series of trenches, wire
obstacles, and machine-gun nests that the
Germans installed to augment their defensive
positions. It altered the strategic situation along
the whole Western Front till the Germans lost the
War.
‘the armistice’休战停战协定
In the First World War, it is generally
referred to the agreement between the
Germans and the Allies to end the war on
November 11, 1918. ..
The Versailles Treaty
Final peace treaty: The Versailles Treaty of
June 28, 1919. This is the complete text
of the Versaille Treaty which ended World
War I.
Origin of Puritan
The term "Puritan" first began as a taunt or insult
applied by traditional Anglicans to those who criticized
or wished to "purify" the Church of England.
In 1608, a group of Puritan separatists, attempting to
escape religious persecution, fled England for the
Netherlands. They remained there until 1620, but,
fearing that they were losing their cultural identity, they
decided to settle in the New World. A mixed group of
Puritan emigrants (the "Pilgrims") and adventurers
from England sailed to America on the Mayflower and
landed, accidentally, on Cape Cod in November 1620.
Within five months half of the original 101 colonists
were dead.
During the course of the early seventeenth
century, increasing numbers of immigrants,
managed to establish a group of autonomous
North American colonies, including Plymouth
(1620), Massachusetts (1628), New
Hampshire, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island,
and New Haven.
Although the word is often applied loosely,
"Puritan" refers to two distinct groups:
"separating" puritans, such as the Plymouth
colonists, who believed that the Church of
England was corrupt and that true Christians
must separate themselves from it;
non-separating puritans, such as the colonists
who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony,
believed in reforming the established church but
not separation, and who believed in forming
churches through voluntary compacts. The
idea of compacts was central to the Puritans'
conception of social, political, and religious
organizations.
Puritan’s belief
Like their counterparts in Britain they were
extreme Calvinistic Protestants who viewed the
Reformation as a victory of true Christianity over
Roman Catholicism. They believed that the
Universe was God- centered, and that man,
inherently sinful and corrupt, rescued from
damnation only by arbitrary divine grace, was
duty-bound to do God's will, which he could
understand best by studying the Bible and the
universe which God had created and which he
controlled.
Religious Society of Friends:
started in England around 1650, by many
people, the most famous being George Fox.
They in fact intended to start a movement to
unify the splintered Christian churches, rather
than to start a separate sect. Many radical
groups were formed in England about this time
as a result of the turmoil, economic injustice,
and starvation caused by the English
Revolution and Civil War, and the repeated
changes between Catholicism and Anglicism in
England; however most of these groups
disappeared soon after the restoration of the
monarchy.
Quaker
The term "Quaker“, originated in England in the mid
17th century, refers to a member of the Religious
Society of Friends.
"Quaker“ rebelled against the rigid hierarchy and
government control prevalent in the Anglican church,
and began meeting in homes or buildings, waiting
upon God silently to make His presence felt and
inwardly heard. Any person could be called by God to
rise and preach upon any occasion of worship. They
were much persecuted in England before finding
refuge in the American colonies.
They were, very family oriented, far from being
celibate（独身者）, and would not agree that
Anne Lee is the second incarnation化身 of
Christ. They also have historically not
withdrawn from the world but have been very
active in the cause of social justice for the poor
and oppressed, education, humanitarian relief,
and the humane treatment of prisoners in penal
institutions.
There are two reputed origins of the term:
the first refers to people "quaking" or trembling when
feeling moved by the Holy Spirit to speak in Meetings
for Worship.
The other is: George Fox was arrested in Derby in
October 1650 and charged with blasphemy. George
Fox was questioned intermittently over an eight hour
period, during which at one point George Fox told the
magistrates who tried him "Tremble at the word of the
Lord". It was Justice Bennett who coined the name
"Quakers" for the followers of George Fox
.
Rules of Quakers
formerly a Quaker background practices:
simplicity, financial responsibility, work
ethic, belief in the perfectibility of
humankind...
Words:
claim v./ n.
demand recognition that one has a right to sth.承认--享有权利
E.g. He claimed to be the owner of the land.
He claimed that he owned the land.
assert, say sth. is a fact 宣称, 声言
E.g. he claimed to be the best tennis player in the school.
n.
E.g. Did anyone make a claim to this bike? 承认认领
E.g. You’ve no claim on my sympathies. 你无权要求我同情。
in some/great measure: 在某种/很大程度上
Drunkenness and carelessness are in large measure
responsible for automobile accidents.
respectable:
Respectable（受人尊敬的）citizens obey the laws.
He earns quite a respectable（可观的，相当的）income.
respectful:
He behaved in a respectful （恭敬的）way.
respected:
respecting:关于
Respecting your problem, we’ll come to a decision later.
respective:
The three men were given work according to their
respective （各自的）abilities.
The first and second prizes went to John and James
respectively.（分别，一人一样）
honor
with honors以优异成绩
The young man will graduate soon from university with
high honors.
do honor (to)给带来荣誉
His contributions do honor to his university.
in honor of 为了（纪念或表敬意而举行活动）
The city built up a monument in honor of him.(in his
honor.)
on one’s honor 以人格担保
I promise on my honor (never to do such a thing again.) / that it
won’t be done.
put sb. on one’s honor 靠--- 的自觉，相信—有自觉性
The father put the boys on their honor not to smoke in the dorm.
measure: n./ v.
I measure my coat against her and found it
too long. 拿---和---比较（长度）
He was astonished beyond measure非常极为
John had a new made-to-measure suit.定做
的
He sold me the car at a cheap price and
included the radio for good measure.外加额
外地
动名词的特殊句型
There is no doing 不可能做某事
E.g. there is no telling what will happen later.
将来怎么样谁也难说。
There is no point/use (in) doing sth.干---没意义
E.g. there is no much point (in) arguing with him.
have difficulty/ trouble/ a hard time (in) doing sth.
玩得痛快 过得愉快
E.g. we had little trouble (in) getting the work done.
What is the use/ point/ good (of) doing sth.
E.g. what is the use of talking ? 空谈有什么用？
It is no use / point doing sth.
Game
Think of the name of your favorite song
or film.
Now write down the name in picture
language.
Each group has to try to decipher解释 the other's
script.
Activity
Dramatize the text