Transcript 国际新闻的流动和秩序
International News Flow Imbalance in international news communication Media imperialism About New World Information and Communication order (NWICO) it is about the media coverage of the developing world and the unbalanced flow of media influence; mainly from the West to the East. It tries to interrogate and inquire why much interest is given to developed countries and why the important developmental events in the lessdeveloped countries are ignored and the reality mostly distorted? what is the reality of the media’s language today? Or rather whose reality are we living in? Imbalance in World News Communication Imbalance of news media access Imbalance of news media distribution Imbalance of information flow Imbalance of reporters’ distribution Imbalance of media content Newspaper access World average: 90 World high: Norway 700 US: 260 Africa: 11 TV access US: 800 UK: 500 Sub Sahara: 35 38% in North America 27% in Europe 23% in Asia 7.6% in Latin America 3% in Africa Newer data Newspapers, 2003 CHINA 63/1000; JAPAN 545/1000; US, 198/1000 Developing Countries, 60/1000; developed, 226/1000 NORWAY, 580/1000, world No.1. TV US JP CN IN RU 1965 362 285 0.1 0.002 2000 854 725 293 78 420 Media distribution Illustrated by number of media organizations in Newspaper organizations Europe 50% A&C 20% Africa 1% Electronic media organizations: over 70% radio stations and TV stations in Europe and North America 欧洲 美加 非洲 拉美 亚洲 发达国家 发展中国家 China 2500 2000 报纸 1500 电视台 1000 广播电台 500 0 1978 1982 1997 2000 Imbalance of reporters’ distribution quantitative imbalance between North and South 美联社(AP) 路透社(Rueters) 法新社(AFP) Xinhua Kyodo Deutsche Tass Efe Mena Ansa 通讯社 80%, 1030% 新闻量 UNESCO information: 今天全世界的传媒产品流通，是一个很不平衡的潮流。这表现 在： 在全世界跨国流通的每100本书籍中，就有85本是从发达国家 流向发展中国家的； 在跨国流通的每100小时的音像制品中，就有74小时的制品是 从发达国家和新兴工业国家流向发展中国家的； 在跨国流通的每100套电脑软件中，就有85套是从发达国家和 新兴工业国家流向发展中国家的； 50家媒体娱乐公司占据了当今世界上95%的传媒产业市场。目 前传播于世界各地的新闻，90%以上由美国和西方国家垄断， 其中又有70%是由跨国的大公司垄断，美国控制了全球75%的 电视节目的生产和制作。许多第三世界国家的电视节目有60% －80%的栏目内容来自美国，几乎成为美国电视节目的转播站 Imbalance of media content A regional bias B positivenegative reporting NWICO The NWICO movement began as a protest over the concentration of print and broadcast media ownership among de facto cartels, and developed into an argument about the cultural dominance of poor nations by wealthy ones. some suggest that the issue of news imbalance was a red herring, and that supplying developing nations with current banking and business information was more crucial Media imperialism Dependency theory Culture imperialism is the systematic penetration and domination of the culture life of the popular classes by the ruling classes of the west in order to recorder the values, behavior, institutions, interests of the imperial classes (Petras) Media imperialism The ownership, structure, distribution and content of one country’s media industry are subject to the pressure of another without counterweight(Boyd-Barret) NWICO crucial events Clashes at UNESCO 1972 1976 1978 1980 1984 McBride report(1980): Many voices One world Talloires declaration(1981): News without Borders After the Cold War 1997 Nigeria and Algeria Initiatve 2005 Venezuela, Uruguay, Cuba South TV? 2005 NNN initiative Malaysia 2006 15 Arab states initiative: Muslim News Center 2007 Iran, PressTV Arguments from Developing Countries the 1982 International Telecommunications Convention that determined “that a country’s air space, like its land, was part of its domestic property and hence, these boundaries must not be violated.” the NWICO proponents, mostly drawn from the ranks of non-aligned nations, claimed that Western ownership and control of both the news media and their distribution channels constituted a form of cultural dominance whose covert goal was capitalist economic expansion. Not only should be quantitatively balanced, but should be more just seeking a more just and equitable balance in the flow and content of information; a right to national self-determination of domestic communication policies; and at the international level, a two-way information flow reflecting more accurately the aspirations and activities of less-developed countries. ’the four Ds 1. News flows are castigated as “one-way flows”, and measures to ensure a more equitable balance of news flows between countries are demanded (Democratization). 2. The ’one-way flow’ and misrepresentations are interpreted to reflect a lack of respect for the countries’ cultural identities, a matter of great importance to the non-aligned countries (Decolonization). 3. The monopoly status of transnational corporations in terms of communications technology is perceived as a threat to national independence (Demonopolization). 4. The vital role of mass media in the development process is underlined, and the non-aligned countries join together to demand a more just distribution of communication resources in the world (Development). Toward a New Order? The failure of NWICO Within the West: France and Canada Conservatives, reformers and revolutionaries Domestic change and economic condition Protectionism or Openism? Singapore’s experience Hong Kong’s experience