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Which pull factor has led many immigrants to European nations in recent decades? A to gain economic opportunities B to escaping civil war C to leave oppressive governments D to avoid natural disasters What physical limitations have been placed on migration in the past? What helped move us past those limitations? SOME MODERN MIGRATION PATTERNS SPATIAL DIFFUSION: How do ideas, products, technology, and culture spread? How did that happen? How did that happen? McDonald’s originates in the United States Saudi Arabian citizens travel to the United States. McDonald’s becomes established in Middle East. This is called “spatial diffusion” McDonald’s originates in the United States Saudi Arabian citizens travel to the United States. McDonald’s becomes established in Middle East. Here’s another example Chocolate originates in Latin America Columbus travels from Europe to the Americas Dutch chocolate process makes chocolate the most popular treat in Europe and America. Columbian Exchange! And another … Corn originates in Latin America Columbus travels from Europe to the Americas Kellogg’s International sells Corn Flakes world wide. And another … Small pox originates in Egypt and travels to Europe. Columbus travels from Europe to the Americas Small pox kills 80-90% of Native Americans exposed. And another … Slavery originates in Africa, moves to Europe through trade. Columbus travels from Europe to the Americas Slavery becomes embedded in agricultural practices in Caribbean and North America. How would you describe “McDonald’s” in this example of spatial diffusion? McDonald’s originates in the United States Idea Product Saudi Arabian citizens travel to the United States. Culture Technology Innovation McDonald’s becomes established in Middle East. Language Contagion The Columbian Exchange occurred among Africa, Latin America, North America and Europe. What is a lasting effect on Latin America from this exchange? A. Europe left no lasting influence in the area. B. Slavery is still on plantations. C. Turkeys came from Africa and are still in their diet today. D. African cultural influence is evident today. The slave trade during the 16th and 17th centuries caused A. continuous conflict between African kingdoms and European traders B. a great increase in wealth among east African kingdoms C. African slaves to be sold primarily in China D. the diffusion of cultures between at least three continents PATTERNS OF CULTURE: What causes cultures to change? Here is how people once lived in the these Here is a region… regions… How would you describe their-•Language(s) •Religion •Land use •Trade AndWhat then this happened… causes cultures to change? What changed in these regions with respect to… • The dominant language spoken? • The dominant religion? • The way land is used? • Trade? What causes cultures to change? CONFLICT! INNOVATION! TRADE! MIGRATION! What are some results of cultures changing? “CULTURAL” DIFFUSION-- CONVERGENCE vs. DIVERGENCE • CONVERGENCE: Cultures becoming more similar to each other • Saudi Arabia and China “CULTURAL” DIFFUSION-- CONVERGENCE vs. DIVERGENCE • DIVERGENCE: Cultures becoming more dissimilar Rural China vs. Urban China Is this convergence or divergence? DIVERGENCE! • Despite the migration of Europeans to Australia, the cultures have remained distinct Is this convergence or divergence? CONVERGENCE! • Despite the distance between California and Australia, the value of gold in the 1800s spurred Gold Rushes on both the North American and Australian Continents. Innovations in mining spread between the two countries. An example of cultural divergence is A. use of English as the language of business B. adoption of European and American sports C. popularity of fast food restaurants and pop music D. Amish continuing to use buggies and horses instead of cars Cultural convergence is one possible result of A. spatial diffusion B. religious fanaticism C. ethnic conflicts D. political gerrymandering Population Pyramids What can we learn about tomorrow looking at a population pyramid today? Parts of the Pyramid MALE POPULATION AGE GROUPS Oldest is at the top FEMALE POPULATION So how do we read it? Well… • If you flip in on its side and cover up ½ of it • What type of graph do you get? • Bar Graph! 1. What is the widest part of the pyramid? 2. What is the total population for ages 0-4? 3. Are there more males or females in the age range 10-14? This is a POPULATION PYRAMID. What’s that stand for? What do you notice? Why do you think that might happen? What’s that mean? What’s that mean? POPULATION PYRAMID Let’s make predictions… Are we ready for this? What could go wrong? If we know this coming, what do we need to do? If we know this is coming, what do we need to do? POPULATION PYRAMID What is true when populations live longer? • More elderly means more people are retired, therefore, a labor shortage. • Fewer young people means fewer people paying taxes; therefore, difficulty with social services. • More elderly means more people are on social security; therefore,… uh oh. POPULATION PYRAMID What is true when populations are getting larger? • Huge population increase means greater demand on the food supply. • More people means more labor, but it also could mean more unemployment and labor abuse. • More people means greater demand for resources and raw materials, which means more deforestation which means… uh oh. If one were to construct a population pyramid of a country that had recently been in an extended war, which of the following would likely be shown on that pyramid? A. a large percentage of men in the 20 to 40 year old range B. a larger percentage of men than of women C. a small percentage of men in the 20 to 40 year old range D. a large percentage of babies in the 1 to 5 year old range World Religions What are differences in how people worship? Buddhism Christianity Chinese religions Japanese religions Lamarst Buddhism Southern Buddhism What patterns do you notice? Islam Other Largely Eastern Orthodox Shia Largely Protestant Sunni Largely Roman Catholic Animism Hindu Judaism No Data •The Buddha taught …the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path Buddhism Chinese religions Japanese religions •Life is suffering Christianity Islam Other •Suffering is caused by craving and Largely Eastern Shia Animism Orthodox aversion Lamarst Buddhism Southern Buddhism What patterns do you notice? Largely Protestant Sunni •Suffering can be overcome Largely Roman Catholic Hindu Judaism •The Nobel Eightfold Path willNolead Data to happiness. (Wisdom) •Christian history goes back to the Roman Empire. •The emperor Justinian established it as the official religion of Rome, leading to its spread across the Buddhism empire. Christianity Chinese religions •After the fall of Rome, the Roman Catholic Church Japanese controlled much of Medieval Europe, while the religions Eastern Orthodox maintained control of Russia, Lamarst Buddhism Greece, and the Eastern Empire. Southern Buddhism What patterns do you notice? Largely Eastern Orthodox Largely Protestant Largely Roman Catholic •Martin Luther launched the Islam Other Protestant Reformation. Shia Animism of •European colonization Sunni the Americas brought Hindu Christianity to the New Judaism World. No Data •Islam goes back to the teachings of the Prophet Muhamed in 610. •Muhamed is regarded as the messenger of Allah through the Q’uran. •Two denominations of Islam exist-- theBuddhism largest is Sunni, the smaller Christianity is Shia. Chinese religions Largely Eastern Orthodox •Muslim belief, culture and architecture influenced Europe for 800 Japanese Largely Protestant religions years, particularly in Spain. Lamarst Buddhism •Arabic influences are still seen in modern Spain. Southern Buddhism What patterns do you notice? Largely Roman Catholic Islam Other Shia Sunni Animism Hindu Judaism No Data •ANIMISM-- is worship centered on the natural world, especially animals. It’s prevalent in Central and Southern African. •HINDUISM-- is the world’s third largest religion, practiced primarily in India. Karma and Dharma are central to its tenets as is a commitment to daily Buddhism Christianity Islam Other morality. Hinduism concept of Varna, the categories of society, became Chinese associated with a caste system, which is now illegal in India. Largely Eastern Shia religions Orthodox Japanese religions Sunni Largely Protestant •JUDAISM-- is the religion, philosophy, and way of life for Jewish people. It is a Largely Roman Lamarst monotheistic religion which explores the Talmud, its sacred scripture, for Catholic Buddhism wisdom and morality. It is culturally and ideologically the basis of Christianity. Southern Buddhism •SIKHISM- The principal beliefs of Sikhi are faith and justice, in Waheguru— represented by the phrase ik ōaṅkār, meaning one God. Sikhism advocates the pursuit of salvation through personal meditation on the name and message of God Animism Hindu Judaism No Data Judaism, Islam, and Christianity share a belief in A. B. C. D. The teachings of the Koran Reincarnation and the Four Noble Truths Papal supremacy An ethical code of conduct and monotheism Human Geography definitions What other words do I need to know? Demography The study of population Rural vs. Urban Rural Urban • Countryside • Traditional • Cities • Modern • High population density Population density • How many people live within a given area. • Usually represented by population density maps. Standard of Living The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community. Who has the higher standard of living? Human Development Index A composite statistic used to measure a country’s standard of living. Look at: Education Health Income Living standard Levels of Development Less-developed Low living standard, low HDI Newly industrialized Undergoing rapid growth and industrialization More-developed Highly developed economy and advanced technologies Factors affecting HDI Literacy Rate The number of people able to read in a country Life Expectancy The average number of years a person born in a country can expect to live Infant Mortality Rate The number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year. Which form of government is best characterized by one –party rule, censorship, and the use of terror to maintain power? A. B. C. D. Feudal Democracy Republic Totalitarian Which of these actions supports a cottage industry? A. B. C. D. Buying earrings at a local arts fair Buying organic milk at the grocery store Buying sneakers from a retail chain store Planting a personal garden at home