Transcript 10年來的累積與播種

PNC 2013 Annual Conference and Joint Meetings
Kyoto University
Liang-Chun Chen
Director,
National Science & Technology Center for Disaster Reduction , Taiwan
Visiting Professor,
Department of Urban Planning & Disaster Management,
Ming Chuan University
Content
A. Preface
B. Timeline for Main Development
C. Community-Based Recovery
after Chi-Chi EQ
D. Implementation of community
based disaster risk reduction
E、Conclusion
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A. Preface
Taiwan is a natural disaster prone country .
A series of long-term science and technology
research and development programs for disaster
reduction and response have been promoted since
the year of 1982. In the year of 2000, "Disaster
Protection and Response Act" has been enacted .
However disaster response and recovery capacity
building for local government and community
residents has only been partially included.
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From the experience of the 1999 Chi Chi Earthquake
in Taiwan, the international mainstream (such as
Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015) and
practices for disaster reduction, we have learned
enhance capacity and capability of local
governments and community residents to respond
to and prepare for natural hazards is very important.
The development and
strengthening of institutions,
mechanisms and capacities at all
levels, in particular at the
community level, that can
systematically contribute to
building resilience to hazards “building disaster resilience community”
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Based on the aforementioned backgrounds, since
2000, Taiwan has started investing more resources
in "community based disaster risk reduction
capacity building".
This report will share Taiwan’s experience through
two parts:
●achievements after Chi-Chi earthquake
“Community-Based recovery”
● preparedness during normal days
“Community-Based disaster risk reduction”
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B. Timeline for Main Development
The 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake was a turning point of
capacity building for disaster reduction related works
of Taiwan in recent years
Prior to the 1999 Chi-Chi EQ:
Education programs and training mainly focused on
fire drill for first responders in communities
After the 1999 Chi-Chi EQ:
2000-2006 Post-disaster community-based
recovery programs
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2000-2009 (Typhoon Morakot happened in 2009)
Initial phase of community based disaster risk reduction
programs (ex. NCDR pilot projects,
promotion on landslides disaster-resistant community
building programs)
2010-2013
Expansion of promotion on community based
disaster risk reduction programs
(ex. NCDR+NPOs collaboration projects, promotion on flood
disaster-resistant community building programs and community
based capacity building for disaster reduction programs)
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C. Community-Based Recovery
after Chi-Chi EQ
(A)The fact of the earthquake
Happened in Sept. 21,1999
ML 7.3
Impacted central of Taiwan
2,494 death, 11,305 injured
84,255 buildings collapsed or
damaged
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(B) Content of Chi-Chi EQ recovery
A large-scale earthquake disaster’s recovery is very
complicated; we divided the content into four
categories.
Life Recovery
Led by the central
government, supported by
NGOs, and coordinated by
local governments
Community
Recovery
Post-Disaster
Recovery
Public facility
Reconstruction
Industry
Reconstruction
Led by local governments,
participated by NGOs and
communities, supported by the
central government
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(C) Community-based recovery
implementation process & strategies
1、Implementation process
Investigation and analysis on disaster situation and
affected areas in the communities
Arrange open forums and workshops for community
residents to discuss recovery works
Confirm topics and direction of community recovery
Drift community recovery plans
Participate and implement community recovery plans
Adjust
and
revise
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2、Strategies
(1) Formation of cooperation teams
Academic institutions (such as universities) and nongovernmental organizations (NPOs) work together as a group
to assist long term community recovery.
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(2) Government subsidy program for
community recovery plans
Central government’s department (e.g. Ministry of Culture)
establish “subsidy programs”, communities could submit
their recovery plan applications. The subsidiaries were mainly
used for operation costs of cooperation teams and community
recovery implementation expenses.
damaged district
community recovery
supporting center
recovery unit
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(3) Conducting learning-by-training courses,
community visits and interactive programs
By conducting a variety of learning-by- training courses (e.g.,
cooking, ecological environment learning, and homestay
business, etc.) so community residents can strengthen and
build their capacity on post-disaster community recovery.
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3、Results
During the few years after Chi-Chi earthquake,
recovery work has been focused on community and
the outcomes have reached a certain level of
achievements, even until today the communities are
still vibrant.
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921震災以社區為主體的
災後復原重建
These outcomes include:
(1)、A diverse range of issues for community
recovery have been accomplished and
implemented
(2)、Residents’ recognition for the
communities has been strengthened
(3)、Residents’ capabilities for participating
in public affairs and establishing communitybased organizations have been enhance
(4)、Models for post large-scale disaster
community-based recovery have been built
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D、Implementation of community based
disaster risk reduction
In addition to the aforementioned
community recovery works, after 921 ChiChi earthquakes, Taiwan has also begun to
promote "disaster resistant community"
project, which is the most directly related to
community capacity building for disaster
reduction . The concept, promotions, and
processes conducted by a series of projects
are explain in the following.
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(A)Different approaches of
Implementation
Before Chi-Chi EQ
Traditional approach in
Taiwan
After Chi-Chi EQ
Disaster Resilience Community
Hyogo Framework for
Action 2005-2015
Central
government
Central
government
Local
government
Local
government
Community
Community
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(B)Different contents of implementation
♦ Action taken prior to the 1999 Chi-Chi EQ
• Hardware construction measures (i.e. levee, retaining wall, etc.)
• Comprehensive measures
- education programmes or safe tips on emergency response
- first responder training & drill
- The forming of citizen volunteer teams
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♦ Action taken after the 1999 Chi-Chi EQ
• More hardware construction measures to reduce disaster risk
• Comprehensive measures
- Programmes on disaster preparedness for effective response
(i.e. training, drill, education, awareness raising activity, outreach, etc.)
- Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)
- identify of specific hazard-prone area and targeted household
- monitoring and early warming system
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Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction
♦ Promotion methods：Adopt “participatory
disaster risk reduction”
lecture
town watching
workshop
outreach
training
drill or exercise
Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction
♦ Promotion organization：Build a public-private
partnership
resident
Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction
♦ Promotion process：
Develop a flexible
Process
STEP 01
STEP 02
STEP 03
STEP 04
《 INITIATION 》
1. Understand community
characteristics
* Physical & build environment
* Social and political context
* Demographic data
2. Form a task team
3. Set goals & develop
activities
4. Seek community support
STEP 05
STEP 06
STEP 07
STEP 08
STEP 01
STEP 03
STEP 04
STEP 05
STEP 02
《 EXAMINATION 》
1. Collect information on
historical disaster events
* Government reports & newspapers
* Interview senior residents
2. Conduct a town watching
3. Identify strength and weakness
* Hazard-prone area
* critical infrastructure & facilities
* vulnerable populations
* Emergency response resources
STEP 06
STEP 07
STEP 08
STEP 01
STEP 02
STEP 04
STEP 05
STEP 03
《 ASSESSMENT 》
1. Assess community vulnerability
2. Discover problems
3. Discuss solutions
4. Develop risk reduction
measures & emergency
response actions
* Individual & household
* Village & community
* Local government
STEP 06
STEP 07
STEP 08
Hazard Mapping
STEP 01
STEP 02
STEP 03
STEP 05
STEP 04
《 ORGANIZATION 》
1. Discuss community disaster
management tasks
2. Classify tasks and develop
the structure of a CBDM
Team
3. Recruit team members
STEP 06
STEP 07
STEP 08
STEP 01
STEP 02
STEP 03
STEP 04
STEP 06
STEP 05
《 PLANNING 》
1. Discuss CBDM strategies and set
up priorities
2. Develop a action plan
3. Seek supports from
* local governments
* local NGOs & NPOs
STEP 07
STEP 08
STEP 01
STEP 02
STEP 03
STEP 04
STEP 05
STEP 07
STEP 06
《 COMMUNIATION 》
1. Propaganda & campaign
2. Brochure, poster &
handbook
3. Joint school program or
religious activity
STEP 08
STEP 01
STEP 02
STEP 03
STEP 04
STEP 05
STEP 08
STEP 06
STEP 07
《 PRACTICE 》
1. Emergency response
training courses
* first-aid
* light search & rescue
* walkie-talkie operations
2. Evacuation drill or exercise
3. Disaster scenario
STEP 01
STEP 02
STEP 03
STEP 04
STEP 05
STEP 06
STEP 07
《EXECUATION & EVALUATION》
STEP 08
Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction
♦ Education materials：
Localized guidance booklets
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Challenges posed by Morakot (1)
Typhoon Morakot caused severe damage and casualties in
southern Taiwan, in addition to the government, many NGOs
and volunteers have participated in the relief and rescue work,
however, from the processes of the relief and rescue work,
some issues were also found.
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/08/typhoon_morakot.html
Challenges posed by Morakot (2)
♦ Issues raised – private sectors
• Competition and poor coordination among private sectors
• Weak connection between government organizations and NGO
community
• overlap of disaster relief resources in the aftermath of
Morakot and sometimes focus on certain communities
• Limit access to hazard specific knowledge and real-time
information
• Most resources were targeted in a short period of time
following disaster
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Challenges posed by Morakot (3)
♦ Issues raised – private sectors
• What should be prepared for disaster?
-Goods
-Funds
-Equipment
-Personnel
site specific / impacts to local business
• Disaster relief/recovery resources may lead to an adverse effect
on the impacted community.
-Depend on aid and assistance from outsiders
-lack of community capacity building
Still being vulnerable
to hazards and not
disaster-resilient
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Lessons learned from Morakot
Community coping capacity & resiliency…
▌ Technology and communication…
Collaboration and networking among public and private sectors
▌
▌
Key elements regard to disaster impacts!!
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Implement organization modulation (1)
Public-Academia Collaboration (Prior to Morakot)
NCDR
technology
process
methodology
risk
analysis
promotion
collaboration
communication
education
training
FACILITATION
local
public sectors
community
leaders
academia
specialists
mobilization
Risk
information
grants/plans
implementation
RESISTANT
COMMUNITY
hazard specific
knowledge
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Implement organization modulation (2)
Public-Private Partnership (after Morakot)
coordination
collaboration
local
NPO
collaboration
regional
NPO
RESOURCE
PLATFORM
facilitation
RESILIENT
COMMUNITY
regional
private sectors
Inter-agency networks
local networks
local public
sectors
NCDR
technology
local
private sectors
coordination
mobilization
community
leaders
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Pilot case in Ku-Nga-Da-Vane
- A village of indigenous tribe
♦ Cooperative working
team
♦ Various resources
♦ Innovative operation
• Technology
NCDR
• Emergency
management
Aboriginal
Tribe
• Disaster relief
Ku-Nga-Da-Vane
CCRA
GCS
• Community
empowerment
• Local networks
Morakot stroked
Aug. 2009
Dec. 2009
initiation
Feb. 2010
data
collection
May 2010
risk
assessment
Jun 2010‧
July 2010
organization
& plan
preparedness
resources
Aug. 2010
final
campaign
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Pilot study in
Ku-NgaDa-Vane
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E、Conclusion: Review and Issues
In past 15 years, capacity building for
community on disaster reduction has
gradually been carried out in Taiwan, and
from these experiences we have made the
following conclusions and issues.
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1、Public awareness, community consensus
and self-governance are important (basic
elements)
2、Community participation and learning are
necessarily required
3、Community resilience’s building in Taiwan
still needs to be improved
4、Capacity building differs from disaster types
or community locations
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Thank you for your listening！
www.ncdr.nat.gov.tw
Video for pilot community, please visit:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFZ5jz8H17c