Transcript 01 Inclusive Tourism: Opportunity Guidelines for the

INCLUSIVE TOURISM: OPPORTUNITY
GUIDELINES FOR THE TOURISM-LED
POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAMME
PAN AFRICAN WORKSHOP ON TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION
KIGALI, RWANDA
25-27 JANUARY 2010
(Photo: Anna Spencely, ITC 2009)
Trevor Sofield
Professor of Tourism
University of Tasmania
Australia.
Consultant for the ITC
Principles of the Tourism-led Poverty Reduction
Programme
Acknowledgements: This presentation has been drawn in large part from
working with the ITC for five years, material provided by the ITC including a
Manual prepared for the ITC entitled:
Tourism-led poverty reduction programme
Opportunity study guidelines
Caroline Ashley, Jonathan Mitchell and Anna Spenceley
ITC 2009
and material prepared by the UK Overseas Development Institute for a joint
workshop with ITC on Value Chain Analysis held in Nairobi in May 2009.
Export-led Poverty Reduction Programme:
www.intracen.org/poverty-reduction/
Principles of the Tourism-led Poverty Reduction
Programme
In order to contribute to the Millennium Development Goal of
reducing by half the proportion of people living in extreme
poverty by 2015, the mission of the International Trade Centre’s
(ITC) Tourism-led Poverty Reduction Programme (TPRP) is:
“To link poor communities with promising products
and services to markets using technical support, in
order to achieve a direct impact on their economic
development.”
Tourism-led Poverty Reduction Programme
• The programme aims to match the demand for particular labourintensive products and services with the capacities of poor
communities, by creating new job and income generation opportunities.
• Responding to formal requests from countries for technical assistance,
the TPRP operates through pilot projects in countries in sectors that
offer the best leverage for poverty reduction, including tourism (ITC,
2005).
Poverty and Tourism
Tourism as a system has extensive linkages into other sectors
and it can generate substantial inflows of foreign exchange and
contribute to general economic development with potential for
improving the livelihood of impoverished communities.
• Tourism can stimulate a wide range of economic
opportunities in and across sectors including transport,
communications, infrastructure, education, security, health,
immigration, customs, accommodation, agriculture and
culture.
(OMT/UNWTO Secretariat, 2002)
Poverty and Tourism
Many organisations have been seeking ways to enhance the impacts of
tourism on poor people in recent years.
• Specific impetus was given to this objective with the formulation of
“Pro Poor Tourism” in 1999 by a research group from DFID
(Department for International Development (1999) Tourism and
poverty elimination: untapped potential, DFID).
• The UN World Tourism Organization embraced the concept of
tourism and poverty alleviation in 2002 and launched its program at
the UN World Development Conference in Johannesburg in 2004,
which it called STEP (Sofield, De Lacy, Lipman, and Daugherty, 2004.
Sustainable Tourism ~ Eliminating Poverty (STEP). An Overview.
Brisbane: CRC for Sustainable Tourism).
• SNV acts as technical adviser to UNWTO for its STEP Program.
Poverty and Tourism
The TPRP is a further advance in ways to tackle poverty alleviation
through tourism.
• While the initial focus tended to be on micro level community projects,
our understanding of the opportunity provided by mainstream tourism
to benefit the poor has grown (Mitchell and Ashley, 2008).
• Where local supply chains and indigenous
enterprise are strong, and out-of-pocket
tourism expenditure high, incomes to the poor
can equate to as much as 1/4 to 1/3 of
destination-level tourist expenditure (Mitchell
and Ashley, 2007).
• Strong pro-poor impact is not automatic; the
‘trickle-down effect’ may have little impact on
the poorest and most vulnerable members of a
community.
Poverty and Tourism
• Positive and deliberate interventions are necessary and they can
significantly enhance the impact of tourism on poor people.
• Achievements in community-based tourism enterprises (CBTE)
have often been disappointing.
• In order to achieve poverty impacts at scale, development
practitioners need to engage with mainstream tourism and this is a
key principle of the approach by ITC to tourism development and
poverty reduction.
TPRP OPPORTUNITY GUIDELINES
As Fabrice Leclercq noted, the TPRP Guidelines are structured
around three different phases.
Phase 1. Diagnosis of current situation and context:
• This phase includes tools to map the tourism value chain (or
economy of the destination), and the participation of the poor
within it.
• The purpose here is to understand financial flows and how the
tourism sector currently works.
• This phase also helps to understand the policy and regulatory
context and the existing tourism market.
TPRP OPPORTUNITY GUIDELINES
The TPRP Guidelines are structured around three different phases.
“Phase 2. Project opportunities, prioritisation and feasibility:
• This phase includes a systematic approach to develop a ‘long list’
of project options.
• It then guides the move towards a ‘short list’ of high priority
interventions that should be implemented, by applying specific
criteria that include the likely impact of the intervention on
poverty.
TPRP OPPORTUNITY GUIDELINES
The TPRP Guidelines are structured around three different phases.
“Phase 3. Project planning:
• This phase is used to package proposed interventions into
bankable projects that can be assessed by potential financiers.
• It provides a structure for reports, and tools to assist in
developing institutional arrangements, targets and indicators for
monitoring, and also project budgets.
TPRP OPPORTUNITY GUIDELINES
Experience over a number of years by the ITC in implementing
tourism-oriented poverty reduction projects has revealed the
power of tourism value chain analysis in identifying optimum
situations and conditions in which to intervene.
Definition: What is a value chain?
‘The value chain describes the full range of activities which are
required to bring a product or service from conception, through
the different phases of production (involving a combination of
physical transformation and the input of various producer
services), delivery to final consumers, and final disposal after use.’
Source: Kaplinsky & Morris 2004
What is a value chain?
Value chain mapping as a participatory exercise
• Good way of organising a chaotic reality;
• Means something to real people in tourist sector;
• Gives us the tools to engage with real tourist
destinations;
• Useful institutional model (governance & power
relations);
• Enables comparisons with different products (fair trade
coffee anyone?); and
• Useful economic model for development practitioners
(to illustrate opportunities to make pro-poor
interventions).
What is a value chain?
Advising
tourist on
product,
contract
Travel
agent
Transport
to site
Bus
company
Provide
accomodation,
food etc.
Hotel
organize
experience,
event
Site operator,
Cultural group
Coordination of services:
Tour operator
Local tourism board
Source: from GTZ
Transport
from site
Bus
company
What is a value chain?
Capacity
& skills
Product
design / plan
Identification of
Partners, contracts
investment
Package Providers / Tour Operators
service
providers
Capacity
& skills
service
providers
Capacity
& skills
service
providers
Product
development
Source: GTZ
Creating
Service
capacity
Service
capacity
Provide
Service
Tourism Service
Providers
Service
capacity
Clients
Provide
Service
Tourism Service
Providers
Service
capacity
Clients
Provide
Service
Tourism Service
Providers
Individual tourism
service provision
Clients
What is a value chain?
The important parts…
• The tourist;
• Different nodes (accommodation,
excursions, etc);
• Direct service providers (tour operators,
taxis, etc);
• Supply chains & related industries (food,
craft, etc); and
• Supporting institutions.
The 4 main Tourism sub-chains or Nodes are:
i. Accommodation (Hotels)
ii. Food (Restaurants, intermediaries, farmers)
iii. Excursions (Tour operators, transports,
communities)
iv. Handicraft (producers, vendors)
Photos: Trevor
Sofield
A supply chain for craft production
This diagram shows the links in the supply chain that allow a
tourist to purchase a wooden sculpture from a local artisan.
Source: Spenceley, Ashley & de Kock (2009) Tourism-Led Poverty Reduction Programme: Core Training
Module. Geneva: ITC., figure 8, p.29).
Photo: Makonde carving, Tanzania: Trevor Sofield
TRAINING MODULES
In order to disseminate the expertise and body of knowledge
accumulated by the ITC through its inclusive tourism approach to
reducing poverty it has produced a series of Train-the-Trainer
Handbooks which set out frameworks and operational guidelines for
these undertaking pro poor tourism interventions in these nodes
and several others as well.
“The Core Manual on Enhancing Local Community Involvement in the Tourism Sector
provides an introduction to the tourism sector, and how it can contribute to poverty
reduction; an overview of potential involvement of local people and ways to expand the
tourism supply chains, while recognising socially and environmentally sustainable
practices; and the potential linkages that can be created between local people and the
tourism sector, and potential costs and benefits: (Spenceley, Ashley & de Kock, 2009, ITC).
The aim of the TPRP handicraft module is:
• To show ways how handicraft producers in developing countries can be better
integrated in the tourism value chain in order to increase their income; and
• To provide facilitators with the know-how to develop sustainable business
linkages between handicraft producers and tourism markets.
The “Hospitality Management” manual is intended to be a tool to teach trainers on how
to train hospitality employees.
Trainers will need to communicate how the hospitality and catering industry operates
optimally while fulfilling guest expectations and needs. The main objective is to establish a
teaching method which is suited to tourist establishments in developing countries and
allow trainers to focus on gaps existing in the development of the tourist sector of
developing countries (Ecole Hôtelière de Lausanne, Switzerland, & Daniel Charbonnier, ITC,
2009)
“The agricultural training module aims to impart an understanding of the agricultural
sector as a whole, as well as the potential linkages that can be created between poor
farmers and the tourism sector, with their prospective costs and benefits. The target
audience includes representatives of community institutions, potential and existing private
sector partners, government representatives involved in the tourism sector or other
related industries, and local support organisations (NGOs)” (Andrew Rylance, Anna
Spenceley, Jonathan Mitchell, & Henri Leturque, ITC 2009)
.
The nine steps of tourism value chain analysis
Through the TPRP the ITC has formulated world class
opportunity study guidelines which use the value chain
approach as the basis for interventions that have a strong
probability of sustainability as measured by a range of
indicators – economic, social, environmental, commercial.
• There are nine steps in the TVCA as refined by the TPRP,
and over the next two and a half days the Workshop will
proceed to familiarize participants with these steps.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
The nine steps of tourism value chain analysis
Phase
Phase 1:
Diagnosis
Step What to do?
Step 1 Preparation
Step 2 Map the big picture: enterprises and other
actors in the tourism sector, links between
them, demand and supply data, and the
pertinent context
Step 3 Map where the poor participate
Step 4 Conduct fieldwork interviews in each node
of the chain, with tourists and service
providers
Step 5 Track revenue flows and pro-poor income
Estimate how expenditure flows through the
chain and how much accrues to the poor
Consider their returns and factors that
enable or inhibit earnings
Phase 2:
Step 6 Identify where in the tourism value chain to
Opportunities
seek change: which node or nodes?
Phase 3:
Planning
Why?
To define the destination, target group of
poor, and the project team
To organise a chaotic reality, understand the
overall system
To avoid erroneous assumptions about poor
actors
To take account of the less visible suppliers
To provide data and insights for Steps 5 to 8
To follow the dollar through the chain down to
the poor, and how assess how returns can be
increased
To use Steps 1 to 5 to select areas ripe for
change
To focus Steps 6 to 8 down to specific areas
Step 7 Analyse blockages, options, and partners in To think laterally and rationally in generating
the nodes selected, to generate a long list the range of possible projects
of possible interventions
Step 8 Prioritise projects on the basis of their
To generate a project shortlist, comprising
impact and feasibility
projects most likely to deliver impact
Step 9 Project planning
How to package selected projects for funders
THANKYOU !