1750-1900 AP WORLD HISTORY

By Johnathan Marsengill

ORIGINS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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The Industrial revolution was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. It went from people doing the work at there house to machines doing all the work.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: NEW MACHINES

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In this era of time they invented objects like the steam engine that powered machines like the steam train and the steam boat. Also iron making made its start in this era.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON SOCIETY

• It effected the population a lot not only physically but mentally. Physically because it brought machines into the world making the work a lot more easy. But it also forced the people to rethink there jobs. Seeming how they where forced to work with something they never used. It effected them mentally by having them think about what they were going to do about there life once they lost their job. Also by not having a job lead to some housing being closed.

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• • Political- It made the laws more easily subdued. An example of that would be child labor laws which didn’t get better until after the industrialization happened.

Economic-New items were introduce such as electricity and petroleum as new sources of energy. It also help the government make money. It finally lead to new inventions being built for chemistry and new tech being built.

FACTORY SYSTEM: SOCIAL IMPACT

• System of manufacturing that began in the 18th century and is based on the concentration of industry into specialized and often large establishments. The system arose in the course of the Industrial Revolution. It also took place of the Domestic system. The resulting system, in which work was organized to utilize power-driven machinery and produce goods on a large scale, had important social consequences: formerly, workers had been independent craftsmen who owned their own tools and designated their own working hours, but in the factory system, the employer owned the tools and raw materials and set the hours and other conditions under which the workers labored

FACTORY SYSTEM: ECONOMIC IMPACT

• The factory system was a method of manufacturing beginning of the Industrial Revolution first adopted in mine craft at the in the 1750s and later spread abroad.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION: CAUSES

• There are a lot of causes in the american revolution. Proclamation of 1763, Rise of

Liberalism and Republicanism, New Taxes & Boycotts.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION: IMPACT

• The American Revolution had a tremendous effect on Europe. It not only served as an inspiration for France, but also demonstrated that the liberal political ideas of the Enlightenment were more than mere utterances of intellectuals. The Revolution has been described by historian Eugene Weber.

FRENCH REVOLUTION: CAUSES

• There was 6 causes for the French they where International, Political conflict, The Enlightenment, Social antagonisms, an Ineffective ruler, and Economic hardship.

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

• • • There was a assembly formation, and national assembly acts. This opposition forced King Louis XVI to agree to the calling of the States-General.

The King Louis XVI’s indecisiveness in the face of these problems, led the deputies of the third estate to defiantly proclaim themselves the National Assembly on June 17, 1789; on their invitation, many members of the lower clergy and a few nobles joined them.

FRENCH REVOLUTION: CONVENTION TO NAPOLEON

• Napoleon Bonaparte, a young Corsican in charge of French forces in Italy and then Egypt, won considerable fame for himself with a series of brilliant victories and also amassed massive reservoirs of wealth and support as he tore through Europe.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

• Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. Shrewd, ambitious and a skilled military strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire. However, after a disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon abdicated the throne two years later and was exiled to the island of Elba.

CONGRESS OF VIENNA

• The Congress of Vienna was convened in 1815 by the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon. The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers. The second goal was to prevent political revolutions, such as the French Revolution, and maintain the status quo.

LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

• There was many indepence movements for Latin America. The most being the independence for Venezuela at 14 times. Argentina and Colombia both have 6 and Mexico has 9.

SIMON BOLIVAR

• Simón Bolívar was born in Caracas on July 24 th of 1783, descendant of a family of Basque origin established in Venezuela since the end of the XVI century and which occupied a distinguished social and economic position in the province.

HAITIAN REVOLUTION

• The shortest account which one typically hears of the Haitian Revolution is that the slaves rose up In 1791 and by 1803 had driven the whites out of Saint-Domingue, (the colonial name of Haiti) declaring the independent Republic of Haiti. It's certainly true that this happened. But, the Revolution was much more complex. Actually there were several revolutions going on simultaneously, all deeply influenced by the French Revolution which commenced In Paris in 1789.

TOUSSAINT- LOUVERTURE

• • • The remarkable leader of this slave revolt was Toussaint Breda (later called Toussaint L'Ouverture, and sometimes the “black Napoleon”). By 1803 Napoleon was ready to get Haiti off his back: he and Toussaint agreed to terms of peace. Napoleon agreed to recognize Haitian independence and Toussaint agreed to retire from public life.

Years later, in exile at St. Helena, when asked about his dishonorable treatment of Toussaint, Napoleon merely remarked, "What could the death of one wretched Negro mean to me?"

CONSERVATISM IN EUROPE

• • Conservatism elsewhere in western Europe was generally represented by two or more parties, ranging from the liberal centre to the moderate and extreme right. The three types of conservative party were the agrarian (particularly in Scandinavia), the Christian Democratic , and those parties allied closely with big business. These categories are very general and are not mutually exclusive.

The Christian Democratic parties had the longest history, their predecessors having emerged in the 19th century to support the church and the monarchy against liberal and radical elements.

LIBERALISM IN EUROPE

Liberalism has been present in Europe ever since the 17th century. A difference is commonly being made between English liberalism and French liberalism. The first entails the expansion of democratic values while the second refers more to the rejection of authoritarian political structures. The French line of liberalism is also referred to as the continental liberalism and it is deeply divided between the moderates and progressives, otherwise an elitist vision and a Universalist vision.

Liberalism has therefore been the recurrent political ideology in Europe and liberal parties have been known to dominate the political arena. However, they had been displaced by the socialists and social democrats by the turn into the 20th century. The European liberalism has been however resurrected to some extent by the fall of the Soviet Union and which has been classified into centre-right or center-left or social liberalism depending on their main ideology.

NATIONALISM

• • Nationalism it is the way of how countries take control of each other.

When countries feel the need to gain a way of power they use nationalism to find their answers. Even if it means a way of war.

SOCIALISM

• There are two terms of socialism they are 1) of communism. A political and economic theory of that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated. 2) A transitional social state between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization

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KARL MARX

Karl Marx (1818–1883) is best known not as a philosopher but as a revolutionary communist, whose works inspired the foundation of many communist regimes in the twentieth century. It is hard to think of many who have had as much influence in the creation of the modern world. Trained as a philosopher, Marx turned away from philosophy in his mid-twenties, towards economics and politics. However, in addition to his overtly philosophical early work, his later writings have many points of contact with contemporary philosophical debates, especially in the philosophy of history and the social sciences, and in moral and political philosophy. Historical materialism — Marx's theory of history — is centered around the idea that forms of society rise and fall as they further and then impede the development of human productive power. Marx sees the historical process as proceeding through a necessary series of modes of production, characterized by class struggle, culminating in communism.

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

• • • Germany had been fragmented into as many as 300 separate states ever since the Investiture Struggle in the Middle Ages had wrecked the power of the German emperors. The man who would lead Prussia in Germany's unification was its chancellor (prime minister), Otto von Bismarck (1815-94).

He took Germany it split into 300 tiny countries and united them under one rule. He fought against Prussia and won to united Germany.

OTTO VON BISMARCK

• • Bismarck aimed to make the German empire the most powerful in Europe. In 1879, he negotiated an alliance with Austria-Hungary to counteract France and Russia. Italy later joined the alliance. To avoid alienating Britain, Bismarck arranged the two Mediterranean Agreements of 1887, designed to preserve the status quo against a Russian threat. He took the world by storm when he unified the empire.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• The movement to unite Italy into one cultural and political entity was known as the Risorgimento (literally, "resurgence"). Giuseppe Mazzini and his leading pupil, Giuseppe Garibaldi, failed in their attempt to create an Italy united by democracy. Garibaldi, supported by his legion of Red Shirts-- mostly young Italian democrats who used the 1848 revolutions as a opportunity for democratic uprising--failed in the face of the resurgence of conservative power in Europe. However, it was the aristocratic politician named Camillo di Cavour who finally, using the tools of realpolitik, united Italy under the crown of Sardinia.

ZIONISM

• A Jewish movement that arose in the late 19th century in response to growing anti-Semitism and sought to reestablish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Modern Zionism is concerned with the support and development of the state of Israel. So basically they didn’t want to be judged like they were being so they finally had enough and stopped it.

CRIMEAN WAR (1853-1856)

• (October 1853–February 1856), war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British , French , and Ottoman Turkish, with support, from January 1855, by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont East and was more directly caused by Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan. Another major factor was the dispute between Russia and France over the privileges of the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in the holy places in Palestine. . The war arose from the conflict of great powers in the Middle

EMANCIPATION OF SERFS IN RUSSIA (1861)

• Emancipating the serfs in 1861 was an extraordinarily key event which catapulted Russia into the 20th century. At the time Alexander II obtained the position of Tsar, during the Crimean war conflict in 1855, fifty million of the sixty million legal occupants of Russia were serfs. Inhumane treatment, rape and torture topped the long list of how serfs were treated daily. If the previous list did not cure the serf of his rebellion, he was to be enlisted into the military, where far worse treatment was received. The major reason the serfs were emancipated was not due to the cruel lives they were forced to live, but rather because of the Crimean War.

NEW IMPERIALSIM: CAUSES

• Industrialization: Raw materials could be extracted from the colonies and manufactured into finished goods inside the factories of Europe.

2) Markets: Finished goods produced inside European factories could be sold exclusively to the colonial markets.

3) Racial supremacy: The belief that the white race was supreme to the black and yellow races.

“THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN”

• It was a poem by Rudyard Kipling. The supposed or presumed responsibility of white people to govern and impart their culture to nonwhite people, often advanced as a justification for European colonialism. It took the sense of giving the population a sense of uncontroll.

SOCIAL DARWINISM

• The social order is accounted as the product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions and in accord with wh ich a position of laissez-faire is advocated.

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Sepoy Rebellion

It began on Sunday, May 10, 1857 the Sepoy rebellion was a complete surprise to the British, many of whom were "blind to the unrest that had been created, in part, by the rapid imposition of direct British control over two-thirds of India.

Indian National Congress (INC): Origins

• • From its foundation on 28 December 1885 until the time of independence of India on 15 August 1947, the

Indian National Congress

was the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, and central and defining influence of the

Indian Independence Movement

.

Although initially and primarily a political body, the Congress transformed itself into a national vehicle for social reform and human up liftment. The Congress was the strongest foundation and defining influence of modern

Indian nationalism .

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King Leopold

Was the King of the Belgians , and is chiefly remembered for the founding and brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State . Born in Brussels the second (but eldest surviving) son of Leopold I and Bull" Louise-Marie of Orléans , he succeeded his father to the throne on 17 December 1865 and remained king until his death. Due to his many female lovers, he was also called "The Belgian Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the on his own behalf. He used Congo Free State Henry Morton Stanley , a private project undertaken to help him lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo . At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the colonial nations of Europe committed the Congo Free State to improving the lives of the native inhabitants. From the beginning, however, Leopold essentially ignored these conditions and ran the Congo using a mercenary force for his personal gain.

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

• The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, convened by Otto von Bismarck to discuss the future of Africa, had the stamping out slavery high on the agenda. The Berlin Act of 1885, signed by the 13 European powers attending the conference, included a resolution to 'help in suppressing slavery'. It began the process of carving up Africa, paying no attention to local culture or ethnic groups, and leaving people from the same tribe on separate sides of European-imposed borders

Opium War : Causes

• The Opium Wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, were two separate conflicts that occurred between the Qing Dynasty in China and the British Empire. Both wars were the climax of disputes and tensions over trade and diplomatic relations between the two powers. The first of the Opium Wars occurred from 1839 to 1842, the second occurred between 1856 and 1860. The resolution of these wars resulted in treaties that dictated trade agreements and concessions as well as the cession of Hong Kong Island which became a British colony until 1997.

Opium War : Results

• • • British gain rights in Chinese ports (More ports are opened) Extraterritoriality (Foreign citizens subject to their home laws) After 2 disastrous wars in 1839 onwards the Chinese realized they couldn't win and gave up.

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Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860s)

Taiping Rebellion, (1850–64), radical political and religious upheaval that was probably the most important event in China in the 19th century. The rebellion began under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan (1814–64), a disappointed civil service examination candidate who, influenced by Christian teachings, had a series of visions and believed himself to be the son of God, the younger brother of Jesus Christ, sent to reform China.

Self-Strengthening Movement

• Upon the Xianfeng emperor’s death at Chengde in 1861, his antiforeign entourage entered Beijing and seized power, but Cixi, mother of the newly enthroned boy emperor Zaichun (reigned as the Tongzhi emperor, 1861–74/75), and Prince Gong succeeded in crushing their opponents by a coup d’état in October. A new system emerged in which the leadership in Beijing was shared by Cixi and major Chinese centre during the 1860s and 1870s for the manufacture of modern arms and the study of Western technical literature and Western languages. It was opened in 1865 as part of China’s Self-Strengthening movement. Begun as an ironworks base with machinery purchased from abroad, the arsenal was developed primarily by Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang. During the 1860s and 1870s.

Spheres of Influence

• The definition of it is A territorial area over which political or economic influence is wielded by one nation. In international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory. The term may refer to a political claim to exclusive control, which other nations may or may not recognize as a matter of fact, or it may refer to a legal agreement by which another state or states pledge themselves to refrain from interference within the sphere of influence.

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1990)

• Beginning in 1898, groups of peasants in northern China began to band together into a secret society known as I-ho ch'üan ("Righteous and Harmonious Fists"), called the "Boxers" by Western press. Members of the secret society practiced boxing and calisthenic rituals (hence the nickname, the "Boxers") which they believed would make them impervious to bullets an international force of 2,100 American, British, Russian, French, Italian, and Japanese soldiers were sent to subdue the "rebellion." . By late 1899, bands of Boxers were massacring Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians. By May 1900, the Boxer Rebellion had come out of the countryside and was being waged in the capital of Peking (now Beijing). To help their fellow countrymen and to protect their interests in China,

Monroe Doctrine

• • It was an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers . President James Monroe’s 1823 annual message to Congress contained the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Understandably, the United States has always taken a particular interest in its closest neighbors – the nations of the Western Hemisphere. Equally understandably, expressions of this concern have not always been favorably regarded by other American nations.

Spanish- American War (1898-1899)

• On April 21, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in the Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. The U.S. also supported the ongoing struggle of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines for independence against Spanish rule. This would be the first war fought overseas by the United States and it involved campaigns in both Cuba and the Philippine Islands.

The majority of Spanish-American War soldiers were volunteers who originated from all over the United States for their part in, as Secretary of State John Hay called it, a "splendid little war."

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U.S Open Door Policy

Open Door policy, statement of principles initiated by the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with dispatched by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay United States China (1899, 1900) for the and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. The statement was issued in the form of circular notes to Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan and Russia. The Open Door policy was received with almost universal approval in the United States, and for more than 40 years it was a cornerstone of American foreign policy.

, The principle that all nations should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China had been stipulated in the Anglo-Chinese treaties of Nanjing (Nanking, 1842) and Wangxia (Wanghia, 1844). Great Britain had greater interests in China than any other power and successfully maintained the policy of the open door until the late 19th century. After the first Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), however, a scramble for “spheres of influence” in various parts of coastal China—primarily by Russia, France, Germany, and Great Britain—began. Within each of these spheres the controlling major power claimed exclusive privileges of investment, and it was feared that each would likewise seek to monopolize the trade. Moreover, it was generally feared that the breakup of China into economic segments dominated by various great powers would lead to complete subjection and the division of the country into colonies.

Opening of Japan

• • On July 8, 1853, American Commodore Matthew Perry led his four ships into the harbor at Tokyo Bay, seeking to re-establish for the first time in over 200 years regular trade and discourse between Japan and the western world. Although he is often credited with opening Japan to the western world, Perry was not the first westerner to visit the islands. Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch traders engaged in regular trade with Japan in the 16th and 17th centuries. Persistent attempts by the Europeans to convert the Japanese to Catholicism and their tendency to engage in unfair trading practices led Japan to expel most foreigners in 1639. For the two centuries that followed, Japan limited trade access to Dutch and Chinese ships with special charters.

There were several reasons why the United States became interested in revitalizing contact between Japanand the West in the mid-19th century. First, the combination of the opening of Chinese ports to regular trade and the annexation of California, creating an American port on the Pacific, ensured that there would be a steady stream of maritime traffic between North America and Asia.

Meiji Restoration

• • Meiji Restoration, in Japanese history, the political revolution that brought about the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under the emperor brought about the modernization and Westernization of Japan.

Meiji , beginning an era of major political, economic, and social change known as the Meiji period (1868–1912). This revolution The leaders of the restoration, mostly young samurai from feudal domains historically hostile to Tokugawa authority, were motivated by growing domestic problems and the threat of foreign encroachment. Adopting the slogan “wealthy country and strong arms” (fukoku-kyōhei), they sought to create a nation-state capable of standing equal among Western powers. As expressed in the Charter Oath was further strengthened in 1873 by a universal conscription law.

of 1868, the first goal of the new government, relocated to Tokyo (formerly Edo), was the dismantling of the old feudal regime. This was largely accomplished by 1871, when the domains were officially abolished and replaced by a prefecture system. All feudal class privileges were also abolished. In the same year a national army was formed, which

Sino-Japanese War

• The First Sino–Japanese War (1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was fought between China and the Empire of Japan from 1937 to 1941.

Qing Dynasty China and Chinese port of Meiji Japan Weihai , primarily over control of Korea . After more than six months of continuous successes by the Japanese army and naval forces, as well as the loss of the , the Qing leadership sued for peace in February 1895. The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 2, 1945), called so after the First Sino Japanese War of 1894–95, was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of

Decline of Ottoman Empire

• Once a super power, the Ottoman Empire fell because of a combination of internal degeneration and external pressures. Loss of economic vitality resulted as Europe circumnavigated Africa for trade and relied on the Americas rather than the Ottoman middleman. Industrialized Europe soon surpassed outdated Ottoman traditions. Poor leadership gave way to loss of centralized control and the ultimate collapse after supporting Germany in WWI.

Muhammad Ali

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Mu ḥ ammad ʿ

Alī, also called Mehmed Ali (born 1769, Kavala, Macedonia, Ottoman Empire [now in Greece]—died August 2, 1849, Alexandria, Egypt), pasha and viceroy of of the 20th. He encouraged the emergence of the modern Egyptian state.

Egypt (1805– 48), founder of the dynasty that ruled Egypt from the beginning of the 19th century to the middle

Steam Engine

• Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back about 2,000 years, but early devices were not practical. Since the late 1700s steam engines have become a major source of mechanical power. The first applications were removing water from mines. In 1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotative motion enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered. The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel [1] . These 10hp engines could be obtained. Within a century,in 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp were feasible.

[2] Steam engines could also be applied to vehicles such as the traction engines Industrial Revolution and the railway locomotives which are commonly just called steam engines outside America. The stationary steam engine was an important component of , overcoming the limitations imposed by shortage of sites suitable for water mill and allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable.

Interchangeable Parts

• Interchangeable parts are parts ( components ) that are, for practical purposes, identical. They are made to (such as specifications assembly of the same type. One such part can freely replace another, without any custom fitting filing that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any ). This interchangeability allows easy assembly of new devices, and easier repair of existing devices, while minimizing both the time and skill required of the person doing the assembly or repair.

Cotton Gin

• A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.

more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil and meal .

cotton fibers from their seeds, [2] The fibers are processed into clothing or other cotton goods, and any undamaged seeds may be used to grow

Telegraph

• The electric telegraph is a now outdated communication system that transmitted electric signals over wires from location to location that translated into a message.The non electric telegraph was invented by Claude Chappe in 1794. This system was visual and used semaphore, a flag-based alphabet, and depended on a line of sight for communication. The optical telegraph was replaced by the electric telegraph.