Chapter 28: The Rise of Totalitarianism:

Postwar Social Changes

Section 1: The Roaring 20s

   In the 1920s, many radios turned into the new sounds of jazz.

African American musicians combined Western harmonies with African rhythms to create jazz. While Europe recovered from the war, the US experienced a boom time .

Women’s Lives

   One symbol of the rebellious Jazz Age youth was the liberated young women called the flapper. Flappers were a small minority.

Most women saw little progress in the postwar period. During the war, women held a wide range of jobs—but most lost these jobs when the war ended.

In this new age of emancipation-freedom from restrictions—women pursued careers in many areas; from sports to the arts.

Reactions to The Jazz Age

   Not everyone approved of the lifestyle of the Jazz Age. For example, many Americans supported Prohibition-or the ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Prohibition was meant to keep people from the negative effects of drinking. Instead, it caused an explosion of organized crime and speakeasies-of illegal bars. The prohibition amendment was ratified in 1919, but repealed in 1933.

Prohibition movement

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Section 2: Postwar Foreign Policy

Arguing Allies

   France’s chief concern after the war was securing its borders against Germany. To prevent another invasion from Germany, France built massive fortifications called the Maginot Line along its border with Germany. France insisted on the strict enforcement of the Versailles treaty and complete payment of reparations.

British leaders wanted to relax the treaty’s harsh treatment of Germany.

The Search for Peace

   Despite disagreements, many people worked for peace in the 1920s.

The Kellogg-Briand Pact, which was sponsored by the United States in 1928, promised to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy”.

The great powers pursued disarmament, the reduction of armed forces and weapons. The United States, Britain, France, Japan, and other nations signed treaties to reduce the size of their navies. They failed to agree on limiting the size of their armies.

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The Great Depression

The Great Depression

Falling Demand and overproduction

  The wealth created during the 1920s in the United States was not shared evenly. Farmers and unskilled workers were on the losing end.

Demand for raw materials and agricultural products skyrocketed during the war; demand and price fell after the war. Because people earned less, they bought less. However, better technology allowed factories to make more products faster. This led to overproduction, a condition in which the production of goods exceeds the demand for them.

Crash and Collapse

  A crisis in finance-the management of money matters, loans, investment, banking-was brewing.

Prices on the New York Stock Exchange were at an all-time high. To slow the run on the stock market, the Federal Reserve, the central banking system of the United States, raised the interest rates in 1928 and again in 1929. It didn’t work. The higher interest rates made people nervous about borrowing money and investing, thereby hurting demand. video

The Great Depression

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Roosevelt offers the New Deal

    In 1932, Americans elected Franklin D. Roosevelt—FDR argued that the government had to take an active role in combating the Great Depression.

He introduced the New Deal, a massive package of economic and social programs.

Under the New Deal , the federal government became more directly involved in people’s everyday lives. New laws regulated the stock market.

The New Deal failed to end the Great Depression, although it did ease the suffering for many.

Loss of Faith in Democracy

   As the world.

Depression wore on, many people lost faith in the ability of democratic governments to solve the problems of the modern Postwar disillusionment, soothed by the few good years of the 1920s, turned into despair in Europe.

Misery and hopelessness created fertile ground for extremists who promised radical solutions.

Section 5: Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

The Weimer Republic’s Rise and Fall

   As World War I drew to a close, Germany tottered on the brink of chaos. Moderate leaders signed the armistice and later, under protest, the Versailles treaty.

The republic faced severe problems from the start. Politically, it was weak because Germany had small parties. The chancellor had to form coalitions that easily fell apart.

The Weimer Republic

Runaway Inflation

  Economic disaster fed unrest. In 1923, Germany fell behind in reparation payments. Inflation soon spiraled out of control, spreading misery and despair— many middle class families saw their savings wiped out.

Recovery and Collapse

   With help from the Western powers, the government did bring inflation under control. In 1924, the United States gained British and French approval for a plan to reduce German reparations payments. The German economy began to recover, but the Great Depression hit, reviving miseries of 1923.

The Germans turned to an energetic leader, Adolf Hitler, who promised to solve the economic crisis and restore Germany’s former greatness. Show

Hitler video

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Nazi Party’s Rise to Power

Hitler’s Manifesto

    In 1923, Hitler made a failed attempt to seize power in Munich. He was arrested and found Guilty of treason.

While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf(“My Struggle”). Mein Kampf reflected Hitler’s obsessions—extreme nationalism, racism, and anti Semitism. Germans, he said, belonged to a superior “master race” of Aryans, or light-skinned Europeans, whose greatest enemies were the Jews. In his recipe for revival, Hitler urged Germans everywhere to unite into one great nation.

Triumph Of the Will

The Third Reich Controls Germany

The Third Reich Controls Germany

   Once in power, Hitler and the Nazis moved to build a new Germany. Hitler appealed to nationalism by recalling past glories. Germany’s First Reich, or empire, was the medieval Holy Roman Empire. The Second Reich was the empire forged by Bismarck in 1871.

Under Hitler’s new Third Reich, he boasted, the German master race would dominate Europe for a thousand years.

The Campaign against the Jews

  In his fanatical anti-Semitism, Hitler set out to drive Jews from Germany. In 1935, the Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws, which deprived Jews of German citizenship and placed severe restrictions on them. They were prohibited from marrying non Jews, attending or teaching at German schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine, or publishing books. Nazis beat and robbed Jews and roused mobs to do the same. Many Germans fled, seeking refuge in other countries.

Nazi Youth

  To build for the future, the Nazis indoctrinated young people with their ideology. In passionate speeches, Nazis spread the message of racism. He urged young Germans to destroy their enemies without mercy.

On hikes and in camps, the “Hitler Youth” pledged absolute loyalty to Germany and undertook physical fitness programs to prepare for war. School courses and textbooks were rewritten to reflect Nazi racial views.

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Chapter 29: World War II and Its Aftermath:

From Appeasement to War

Section 1:From Appeasement to War

  After the horrors of World War I, Western democracies tried to preserve peace during the 1930s while ignoring signs that the rulers of Germany, Italy, and Japan were preparing to build new empires. Hitler, and the leaders of Japan viewed the desire for peace as weakness and responded with new acts of aggression.

Hitler goes against the Treaty of Versailles

    Hitler had tested the will of the Western democracies and found it weak. First, he built up the German military in defiance of the treaty that had ended World War I. Then, in 1936, he sent troops into the “demilitarized” Rhineland bordering France—another treaty violation.

Germans hated the Versailles treaty, and Hitler’s successful challenge made him more popular at home. The Western democracies denounced his moves but took no real action. Instead, they adopted a policy of appeasement, or giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace.

Keeping the Peace

   The Western policy of appeasement developed for a number of reasons. France was demoralized, suffering from divisions at home. It could not take on Hitler without British support.

The British had no desire to confront the German dictator. Some even thought that Hitler’s actions constituted a justifiable response to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which was too harsh on Germany. The Great Depression sapped the energies of the Western democracies. Finally, widespread pacifism, or opposition to all war, and disgust with the destruction from the previous war pushed many governments to seek peace.

Europe Plunges Toward War

Nazi-Soviet Pact

   In August 1939, Hitler stunned the world by announcing a nonaggression pact with his great enemy—Joseph Stalin, the Soviet dictator.

Publicly, the

Nazi-Soviet Pact

bound Hitler and Stalin to peaceful relations. Secretly, the two agreed not to fight if the other went to war and to divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe between them.

The pact was based not on friendship or respect but on mutual need. Hitler feared communism as Stalin feared fascism.

Final Exam

 Take Home Final Exam  Three Sections: -Concept Analysis -Concept Interpretation -Essay

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Invasion of Poland

  On September 1, 1939, a week after the Nazi-Soviet Pact, German forces invaded Poland. Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. World War II had begun.

The devastation of World War I and the awareness of the destructive power of modern technology made the idea of more fighting unbearable.

Section 2: Life under Nazi and Japanese Occupation

Nazi and Japanese Occupation

Hitler’s “New Order”

  While Nazi forces rampaged across Europe, the Japanese military conquered an Empire in Asia and the Pacific. Each set out to build a “new order” in the occupied lands.

Hitler’s “new order” grew out of his racial obsessions. As his forces conquered most of Europe, Hitler set up governments that were peopled by Aryans, or light skinned Europeans, whom Hitler and his followers believed to be a “master race”

The Nazis commit Genocide

   During the 1930s, the Nazis had sent thousands of Jewish people and political opponents to concentration camps, detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state. Over the course of the war, the Nazis forced these people, along with millions of Polish and Soviet Slavs and people from other parts of Europe, to work as slave laborers. Prisoners were poorly fed and often worked to death. The Nazis had massacred some six million Jews in the Holocaust; nearly six million others were killed as well. Video of Holocaust

Japan’s Brutal Conquest

   Japanese forces took control across Asia and the Pacific. Their self-proclaimed mission was to help Asians escape Western colonial rule.

The Japanese invaders treated the Chinese, Filipinos, Malaysians, and other conquered people with great brutality, killing and torturing civilians throughout East and Southeast Asia.

In the Philippines, Indochina, and elsewhere, nationalist groups waged guerilla warfare against the Japanese invaders.

Japan attacks in the United States

American Involvement Grows

  When the war began in 1939, the United States declared its neutrality. Still, although isolationist feeling remained strong, many Americans sympathized with those who battled the Axis powers. In March 1941, FDR persuaded Congress to pass the Lend- Lease Act. It allowed him to sell or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.”

Japan and the United States face off

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In 1940, Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies. In response, the United States banned the sale of war materials, such as iron, steel, and oil.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

   With talks at a standstill, General Tojo ordered a surprise attack. On December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes bombed the American fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The attack took the lives of about 2,400 people and destroyed battleships and aircraft. The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. On December 11, Germany and Italy, as Japan’s allies, declared war on the United States.

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Section 3: The Allies Turn the Tide

All out “Total War”

    To defeat the Axis war machine, the Allies had to commit themselves to total war. Total war means nations devote all of their resources to the war effort. To achieve maximum war production, democratic governments in the United States and Great Britain increased their political power.

They directed economic resources into the war effort, ordering factories to stop making cars or refrigerators and to turn out airplanes or tanks instead. Propaganda

Government Increase Power

    Governments implemented programs to ration or control the amount of food and other vital goods consumers could buy. They raised money by holding war bond drives, in which citizens lent their government certain sums of money that would be returned with interest later.

Prices and wages were regulated.

The increase in production ended the unemployment of the depression era. Video of

production the war brought

Women help with the War

 As men joined the military, millions of women around the world replaced them in essential war industry jobs. Women, symbolized by by the character “Rosie the Riveter” in the United States, built ships and planes and produced munitions. Video of

women working during the war

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Germans Defeated at Stalingrad

   A major turning point occurred in the Soviet Union. After their lightning advance in 1941, the Germans were stalled outside Moscow and Leningrad. In 1942, Hitler launched a new offensive.

This time, he aimed for the rich oil fields of the south.

The Battle began when the Germans surrounded the city. As winter closed in, a struggle raged. In November, the Soviets encircled their attackers. Trapped, without food or ammunition and with no hope of rescue, the German commander surrendered in January 1943.

The Allies push toward Germany

   By 1944, the Western Allies were ready to open a second front in Europe by invading France. To prepare the way for the invasion, Allied bombers flew constant missions over Germany.

They targeted factories and destroyed aircrafts, bombed railroads and bridges in France.

D-Day

  On June 6, 1944—known as D-Day—for the invasion of France. Just before midnight on June 5, Allied planes dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines.

At dawn, thousands of ships ferried 156,000 Allied troops across the English Channel.

Nazi’s Defeated

    By March 1945, the Allies had crossed the Rhine into western Germany. From the east, Soviet troops closed in on Berlin.

As Soviet troops fought their way into Berlin, Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker. On May 7, Germany surrendered.

Officially, the war in Europe ended the next day. May 8, 1945, which was proclaimed V-E Day(Victory in Europe).

After just 12 years, Hitler’s “thousand-year Reich” was in ruins.

Defeat for Japan

    With war won in Europe, the Allies poured their resources into defeating Japan. By mid-1945, most of the Japanese navy and air force had been destroyed.

Beginning in 1944, some young Japanese men chose to become Kamikaze pilots who undertook suicide missions, crashing their plane into American warships.

On August 6, 1945, an American plane dropped an atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima.

The bomb flattened four square miles and instantly killed more than 70,000 people.

Utter Devastation

  On August 8, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria. The next day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb in Nagasaki. More than 40,000 people were killed in the second explosion.

On August 10, Emperor Hirochito intervened, and forced the government to surrender. On September, 1945, the formal peace treaty was signed.