Transcript Document

Sidevõrgud
IRT 0020
loeng 4
02. okt. 2005
Avo Ots
telekommunikatsiooni õppetool
raadio- ja sidetehnika instituut
[email protected]
1
Teenus võrgus
Off-line customer management
Extended call control and IN charging
Terminal
Terminal
Telecom basic service/call control
Access Service
Transmission
Access Service
Linear Service Architecture in Legacy Network: Static Services
A User Service
Management
A Home Service
B Home Service
B User Service
Management
Control Service
A
Terminal
A
Portal
B
Portal
Session Service
Access
Transmission
B
Terminal
Access
Two-Dimension Service Architecture in NGN: Active Services
2
Piirkonnad ja piirpinnad
T
T
T
GW
SCN
GW
GK
GW
MCU
T
T
3
Virtuaalsed teed ja kanalid (VPI, VCI)
VPI-10, 50 Mb/s
STM 1 155 Mb/s
VCI-100
VCI-101
VCI-100
VCI-101
VPI-20, 60 Mb/s
4
Layer Concepts
path
multiplex section
regen.
section
regenerator
section
PTE
multiplex section
REG
regen.
section
ADM
or
DCS
path
regen. section multipl. section
termination termination
termination
service (E1, E4..)
mapping
demapping
regenerator
section
REG
PTE
regen. section
path
termination
termination
PTE = path terminating element
MUX = terminal multiplexer
REG = regenerator
ADM = add/drop multiplexer
DCS = digital cross-connect system
service (E1, E4..)
mapping
demapping
5
Physical Layer - I.
Services (E1, E2, E3,
E4, Video, etc.)
Layers
Map Payload and
Path OH into VC
Payload and Path Overhead
Map VC and MS
OH into internal
signal
VC and MS Overhead
Map internal signal
and RS OH
into STM-N signal
Optical Conversion
Terminal
STM-N
Signal
Light
Pulse
Path
Multiplex
Section
Regen.
Section
Regen.
Section
Physical
Photonic
Regenerator
Terminal
6
STM1
Order of transmission
1st
270 columns
2nd
Section
overhead
(SOH)
9 columns
VC Capacity
261 columns
7
STM-N frame
270 x N Columns
9xN
Columns
STM-N VC capacity
9
Rows
125 μsec
Section
Overhead
8
Frame Structures
STM-1
9 Rows
STM-4
270 Columns
155.52 Mbit/s
1,080 Columns
9 Rows
STM-16
622.08 Mbit/s
4,320 Columns
9 Rows
2488.32 Mbit/s
STM-64
9 rows x 17280 columns, 9953.28 Mbit/s
9
Line, SPE and Payload Rates
– Line rate = SOH + SPE
– SPE rate = POH + payload capacity + fixed
stuffing
– VC payload capacity rate = line rate - SOH - POH
- fixed stuffing
– Transparent bit-stream capacity rate = line rate SOH - POH
– Example for STM-1 frame line rate:
• 270 columns x 9 rows = 2430 bytes
• 8000 fps x 19440 bits = 155.52 Mbit/s
10
Rate Hierarchy
SONET
SDH
Line Rate
SPE Rate
Optical
Electrical
Level
(Mbit/s)
(Mbit/s)
Level
Level
STM-1
155.52
150.336
OC-3
STS-3
STM-4
622.08
601.344
OC-12
STS-12
STM-16
2488.32
2405.376
OC-48
STS-48
STM-64
9953.28
9621.504
OC-192
STS-192
39813.12
38486.016
OC-768
STS-768
STM-256
11
Mapping Hierarchy - I.
STM-N
STM-1
STS-1
STS-1
STS-1
Frame
Frame
Frame
Frame
AU
AU
AU
AU
DS1
DS1
DS1
DS1
E1
DS1C
TU
E1
DS1C
TU
E1
TU
E1 TUDS1C
DS1C
DS1
E1
DS2
SPE-Nc
DS2
DS2
DS2
DS2
DS3/E3
DS3/E3
E4
IP/ATM/Video
12
Mapping Hierarchy - II.
STS-3N
STM-N
STS-3c BULK
x1
xN
AUG
AU-4
C-4
139 Mbit/s
ATM
C-3
44 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
VC-2
C-2
6.3 Mbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12 2 Mbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11 1.5 Mbit/s
VC-4
x3
x1
x3
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
x1
STM-0
AUG
AU-3
VC-3
x7
STS-1
STS-1
SPE
DS3 BULK
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
x3
VT
group
xN
x4
Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping
VT-1.5
13
Uni- and Bi-directional
A
F
A
A-C
B
A-C
F
B
C-A
C-A
E
C
D
Uni-directional Ring
(1 fiber)
E
C
D
Bi-directional Ring
(2 fibers)
– Only working traffic is shown
– Subnetwork (path) or multiplex section switching for protection
14
Automatic Protection Switching
APS = Automatic
Protection Switching
Allows network to
react to failed lines,
interfaces, or
poor signal quality
Tributary
Channels
STM-N Mux
MSTE
Performed over the entire
STM-N payload
Uses K1 and K2 bytes of
MS Overhead
K1K2
Read/Sel
K1K2
Write
Working
STM-N
MSTE
Protect
STM-N
K1K2
Write
K1K2
Read/Sel
STM -N Mux
Tributary
Channels
15
Synchronization in Voice Networks
Network Clock
CB
M14
LT
LT
0.000001 ppm
M14
M14
LT
LT
M14
CB
DS0
Switch
E1
E4
f1
20ppm
prop.
f2
20ppm
E4
E1
f3
20ppm
E1
E4
f4
20ppm
prop.
f5
20ppm
E4
E1
f6
20ppm
• Asynchronous transport network uses pulse stuffing and is
transparent to E1 timing
16
Synchronization Distribution
Network Clock
(Stratum 1)
0.000001 ppm
Dedicated Timing
E1
CB
M14
LT
LT
M14
M14
LT
LT
M13
CB
DS0
Switch
E1
E4
prop.
E4
E1
E1
E4
prop.
E4
E1
20ppm 20ppm
• Timing distribution is done using embedded E1 facility
• Asynchronous transport network is transparent to E1 timing
17
Initial SDH Deployments
Network Clock
(Stratum 1)
M14
CB
SDH
NE
SDH
NE
0.000001 ppm
M14
M14
LT
LT
M14
CB
DS0
Switch
E1
E4
f1
20ppm
STM-16
f2
20ppm
E4
E1
f3
20ppm
E1
E4
f4
20ppm
prop.
f5
20ppm
E4
E1
f6
20ppm
• SDH used in point-point configuration
• Direct replacement for async transport
• SDH terminals free-run at 20ppm. Not network synchronized. No pointer
adjustments so no issues with E1/E4 mapping jitter !
18
Current SDH Deployments - I.
Network Clock
(Stratum 1)
0.000001 ppm
???
CB
STM-1
STM-1
CB
STM-1
STM-1
DS0
Switch
E1
E4
STM-16
E1
E1
E1
STM-4
Questions:
• How do I time the SDH network ?
• Can I still just free run all my SDH NEs at 20ppm ?
• What is the impact of pointer adjustments ?
• How do I distribute timing to the CBs and DS0 switches ?
19
Current SDH Deployments - II.
Network Clock
(Stratum 1)
0.000001 ppm
BITS
CB
STM-1
CB
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
DS0
Switch
E1
STM-16
E1
STM-4
E1
• All STM-N interfaces traceable to PRS to avoid excessive pointers
• Excessive pointers cause jitter/wander in embedded E1/E4 payloads
• Timing distributed to CB and DS0 switches directly via STM-N lines
20
Data Communication Channel
– DCC is a 192 kb/s in-band channel to facilitate
communication between all Network Elements (NE) in a
network
• Remote login, alarms reporting, software download, provisioning
Management
Client
OSS
Alarm and
Event
Forwarding
DCN
TDM
GNE
GNE
Management
Clients
Management
Server
Network Operations Center
SDH
DCC
GNE
SDH
DCC
SDH
DCC
ADM
TDM
ADM
TDM
TDM
TDM
ADM
ADM
21
Management Interfaces - I.
TMN Model as of M.3010
TMN
OS
Reference point
Q3/X/F
X
DCN
F
WS
Q3
NE
Q3
QA
22
Management Interfaces - II.
– CMIP over OSI
• TMN Manager/Agent communication standard
Agent
Element Manager
Layer
Mgr.
CMIP/OSI
Network Element
Layer
Agent
23
Side loomine (connection establishment)
Nõudlus
A
B
Vastus (kinnitus)
24
Terminali (raadioühendus) võrku
Terminaal
Raadioühendus
Võrk
Teenused
60 GHz
ATM
speech
17 GHz
Internet
video
5 GHz
Intranet
QoS data
……..
best-effort
data
40 GHz
Phone
PDA
laptop
WLAN
WLL
Satellite
WCDMA kanalid
Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell
P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH - Sync Channel
P-CPICH - Primary Common Pilot Channel
S-CPICH - Secondary Common Pilot Channel(s)
Paging Channels
S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
PICH - Page Indication Channel
Random Access and Packet Access Channels
Base
Station
PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
(BS)
PCPCH - Common Physical Packet Channel
AICH - Acquisition Indication Channel
AP-AICH - Acquisition Preamble Indication Channel
User
Equipment
(UE)
CD/CA-AICH - Collision Detection Indication Channel
CSICH - CPCH Status Indication Channel
Dedicated Connection Channels
DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel
F-PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel
26
Vastastikused häired
Interference Margin (dB)
Interference Margin (dB) and Load Factor
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Load Factor
27
Võrkude ja teenuste ühendamine
T
T
G
T
T
R
T
R
T
T
28
29