Transcript THE LONG WALK OF THE DONNA ITALIANA TOWARD THE …

Unione Europea
Ministero dell’Istruzione dell’Università e
della Ricerca
Istituto d’Istruzione Superiore “Mancini”
Via dell’Autostazione 87100 Cosenza (Italia)
EDUCATION AND CULTURE
LIFELONG LEARNING PROGRAMME
COMENIUS
EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR A SUCCESSFULCAREER
LONG WALK OF THE ITALIAN WOMAN
TOWARD THE RIGHTS: SPROUT REFLECTION
One day, while Europe played with her friends on the shore of the sea,
swimming Jupiter reached her under the semblances of a bull and
abducted her. The figurative representations of this myth show a
frightened Europe that, from the rump of the bull, sadly takes leave
from her companions of game. The fear and the sadness were entirely
justified, since Jupiter had not conquered her with gold rain, but with
violence. The descendants of Europe have demanded for peace and
liberty. But have they really succeeded to be free? What have women
experienced in their lives and jobs? What has their juridical situation
been? What have their ideals and realities been?How have they
conducted their fatiguing struggle for civil, political and social rights?
THE ITALIAN LEGISLATION

WOMAN AND WORK

WOMAN AND FAMILY

WOMAN AND VIOLENCE
THE ITALIAN LEGISLATION
The principle of formal and factual equality among citizens is
affirmed by the Italian Constitution in art. 3:
All the citizens have equal social dignity and they are equal in
front of the law, without distinction of sex, of race, of language,
of religion, of political opinions, of personal and social
conditions."
It is also affirmed that “It is a duty of the Republic to remove the
obstacles of economic and social order, that, factually limiting
the liberty and the equality of citizens, prevent the full
development of the human person and the actual participation
of all workers in the political, economic and social
organization”.
To strengthen this principle, different laws have been introduced
among which some very meaningful ones for the women,
especially in the family at work and as regards personal liberty.
WOMAN AND WORK
Work is the central point of all social policies and it
intersects with the theme of the rights of the person of
the family and of social compatibility. The Italian
legislation has recognized the principle of equal salary
and, on this base, it has developed a consistent
legislative apparatus to protect and to guarantee the
equal opportunity of access to work and working
conditions . Nevertheless problems of application still
remain, that don’t guarantee the concrete realization
of factual equality.
WOMAN AND WORK
Law n° 66 of 1963
Women's admission to public offices and to
professions
Law n° 7 of 1963
Abolition of firing for cause of marriage.
WOMAN AND WORK
Law n° 903 of 1977
It is in chronological order, the first law introduced
to safeguard women in the working enviroment
directed to repress individual and evident
discriminations at work.
WOMAN AND WORK
Law N° 215 of 1992
Directed to benefit the creation and the development
of female entrepreneurs, to qualify the
professionalism of women employers, to favour the
access to the credit for the predominantly female
enterprises, to promote the birth of enterprises of
predominantly management female in the innovative
areas of the different economic sectors.
WOMAN AND WORK
L. D. No. 196 of 2000
It has redefined and strengthened the functions, the
juridical regime, the instrumental endowments of cou
ncilwomen/men of parity, to the purpose of
improving the effectiveness of their action, to
strengthen the functions finalized to the respect of the
anti-discriminating norms in the working places, to
notice the violations in topic of parity.
WOMAN AND WORK
The imagination, the organizational ability of the
woman, the wealth of proposed ideas, the sensibility
and the natural predisposition to solidarity together
with their competence and professionalism constitute
a patrimony to which we cannot renounce.
Nevertheless, the recognition of the specificity of
female work has not brought to a reduction of the
unbalance in the sexual division of work. In Italy, we
can still find an elevated rate of female occupational
segregation, in all the duties, particularly in the more
qualified and managerial ones.
WOMAN AND FAMILY




For more than two decades of the Italian Republic life, the laws
concerning the family were not modified up to the reform of the
family right in 1975:
Parity between consorts in terms of rights and duties, of
equalization between children born inside or outside marriage;
Overcoming of the obsolete conception of the family as
undiversified unity, represented only by the head of the family;
The communion of goods, included the implicit recognition of
non remunerated domestic work and of care, make parity
concrete also on the side of economic and property aspects
related to consorts.
WOMAN AND FAMILY


From the years '70 social rights and civil rights grow
together, they were the years of feminism and of great
social mobilizations:
1970 - Institution of the Law on divorce changed the
old definition of marriage - institution in the modern
conception of revocable matrimonial contract,
inspired more to the "remedy" of a situation in the
couple lived as unbearable, than to the concept of
"guilt."
1978 - Institution of the Law on the legalization of
abortion. The choice of interrupting pregnancy
became an individual possibility, but it had as
measure and limits those offered by the procedures
that the law imposed.
WOMAN AND VIOLENCE
No single adjective can describe the horror and
brutality of rape and of sexual violence and the effect
that it leaves in the victims. The woman that is
subdued to it is undermined in her own self-esteem
and in the ability to react.
A step forward, after almost twenty years of social
debate, to face this phenomenon, has been
accomplished with Law No. 66 of 1966 against sexual
violence:
Sexual violence is classified as a crime against the
person, therefore changing the qualification of the
previous normative, whereas the law has tried to
punish the crime in such a way to avoid negotiation,
so that the rapist could not remain substantially
unpunished.
WOMAN AND VIOLENCE
DISCRIMINATION AT WORK
Spheres in which discrimination at work is more
frequent:
Notices for job application
Staff selection
Access to the job
Level of initial assignment
Salary
Professional career
Return from maternity leave
Recognition of additional or discretionary salary
Assignment of executive duties
WOMAN AND VIOLENCE
WHAT SEXUAL HARASSMENT IS:
“Any sexually connoted behaviour or other type of
sexually based behaviour, including that of
superior and colleagues that offends the dignity of
men or women at work, is unjustifiable”
(Rec. Comm. of 27/11/91)
WOMAN AND VIOLENCE












THE EFFECTS PRODUCED BY
THE INDICATORS OF DISCOMFORT
Discomfort in going to work
Absenteeism
Indifference
Desire to change job
High level of gossip
Aggressiveness and nervousness
Psychosomatic disorder
Feeling of uselessness
Slowness in performance tasks
Organizational confusion in terms of roles
Formal adherence to rules and working anaffectivity
To feel resentment toward organizations
WOMAN AND VIOLENCE
OFFICES WHICH ONE CAN REFER TO:

TO THE EMPLOYER FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE
CODES OF BEHAVIOR

TO THE MAGISTRACY (ART. 8, L. 125/91)

TO THE COUNCILORS OF PARITY' (ART. 8, L.125/91)

TO THE TRADE-UNION DELEGATE OR “R.S.U.”

TO THE OFFICES FOR CONTROVERSY OF TRADE-
UNION ORGANIZATIONS

TO THE ASSOCIATIONS OF WOMEN
WOMAN AND VIOLENCE
MOBBING
SUM OF OPPRESSIVE AND PERSECUTORY
PRACTICES EXERTED BY COLLEAGUES OF
EQUAL DEGREE OR FROM A SUPERIOR
TOWARDS MEN AND WOMEN IN THE
WORKING CIRCLE.
WOMAN AND VIOLENCE
PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS:






Tenacity and determination
To pick up documentation of the suffered oppressions
To document the biological damage
To look for alliance
To transform oral orders into written form
To denounce the mobbing
WOMAN AND VIOLENCE








PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS:
The journey against mobbing is a long path;
Keep a diary of any mobbing action;
Keep account of the psycho-physical symptoms;
Look for colleagues disposed to testify;
“Someone has asked me to do this, please give me
written confirmation“;
Crimes: threats, private violence, defamation,
calumny, personal damage;
Illegitimate administrative acts: task-lowering,
disqualification;
Civil crime: reimbursement of the biological damage.
WE HAVE TO THINK
“I don't see why we always have to take care of men
and of their battles; the history of women is usually
very interesting.”
Theodore Fontane
Unwiederbringlich (1891)