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We’ll Give You Points
for Style
Using MLA and APA Formats in
Academic Writing
Practice Quiz
• What do you already
know? Take the
practice quiz
(handout) to find
out!
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Thank You!
To Purdue University Writing Lab for
offering the content of this presentation
for others’ use.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops
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Why Use APA and MLA
Formats at All?!
• Allows readers to
cross-reference your
sources easily
• Provides consistent
format within a
discipline
• Gives you credibility
as a writer
• Protects yourself from
plagiarism
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Cross-Referencing Your
Sources
Cross-referencing allows
readers to locate the
publication information
of source material. This
is of great value to
researchers who may
want to locate your
sources for their own
research projects.
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Using a Consistent
Format
Using a consistent format
helps your reader
understand your
arguments and the
sources they’re built on.
It also helps you keep
track of your sources as
you build arguments.
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Establishing Credibility
The proper use of APA
or MLA style shows
the credibility of
writers; such writers
show accountability
to their source
material.
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Avoiding Plagiariasm
Proper citation of your
sources in APA or MLA
style can help you avoid
plagiarism, which is a
serious offense. It may
result in anything from
failure of the
assignment to expulsion
from school.
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Where Do I Find APA and
MLA Formats?
• Publication Manual
of the American
Psychological
Association
• www.apastyle.org
•
•
•
•
• MLA Handbook for
Writers of Research
Papers
• www.mla.org
Rules for Writers, Diana Hacker
Composition textbooks
Writing Center
On-line resources
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Title Page
• Papers in APA style
require a title page.
• MLA does not use a title
page.
• The running head will
be used as the header
for the whole paper.
• Include the paper’s title
and the author’s name
and affiliation.
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Both APA and MLA:
Two Main Concerns
1. Parenthetical
citations within the
paper
2. Bibliography at the
end
1. Called “References”
page in APA
2. Called “Works Cited”
page in MLA
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APA “References” Page
MLA “Works Cited” Page
• A list of every source that
you make reference to in
your essay.
• Provides the information
necessary for a reader to
locate and retrieve any
sources cited in your essay.
• Each retrievable source cited
in the essay must appear on
the reference page, and vice
versa.
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Sample “References”
Page (APA)
Shell Shock 12
References
Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and modern memory. New
York: Oxford UP.
Marcus, J. (1989). The asylums of Antaeus: Women, war, and
madness—is there a feminist fetishism? In H. A. Veeser
(Ed.), The New Historicism (pp. 132-151). New York:
Routledge.
Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the
central nervous system. The Lancet, 55(2), 331-38.
Showalter, E. (1997). Hystories: Hysterical epidemics and modern
media. New York: Columbia UP.
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Sample “Works Cited”
Page (MLA)
Smith 12
Works Cited
Dickens, Charles. Bleak House. 1852-1853. New York: Penguin, 1985.
---. David Copperfield. 1849-1850. New York: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 1958.
Miller, J. Hillis. Charles Dickens: The World and His Novels. Bloomington:
U of Indiana P, 1958.
Zwerdling, Alex. “Esther Summerson Rehabilitated.” PMLA 88 (May 1973): 429439.
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Both “References” and
“Works Cited” Pages
Most citations should
contain the following
basic information:
• Author’s name
• Title of work
• Publication
information
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Other Bibliographical
Thoughts
• Compare APA and MLA
examples (see handout)
• What other types of
sources might you need to
list on your “References”
or “Works Cited” page?
• Study the basics of APA
and MLA citation formats.
When something odd
comes up, don’t guess.
Look it up!
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When Should You Use
Parenthetical Citations?
• When quoting
any words that
are not your own
– Quoting means to
repeat another
source word for
word, using
quotation marks.
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When Should You Use
Parenthetical Citations?
• When summarizing facts
and ideas from a source
– Summarizing means to
take ideas from a large
passage of another
source and condense
them, using your own
words.
• When paraphrasing a
source
– Paraphrasing means to
use the ideas from
another source but
change the phrasing into
your own words.
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Keys to Parenthetical
Citations
Readability
• Keep references brief
• Give only information
needed to identify the
source on your
reference page
• Do not repeat
unnecessary
information
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Handling Quotations
Within the Text
MLA
APA
Author’s last name, publication
year, and page number(s) of
quotation must appear in the text.
Author’s last name and page
number(s) of quotation must
appear in the text.
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic
response frequently entails a
“delayed, uncontrolled repetitive
appearance of hallucinations and
other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).
Romantic poetry is characterized by
the “spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).
A traumatic response frequently
entails a “delayed, uncontrolled
repetitive appearance of
hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).
Wordsworth stated that Romantic
poetry was marked by a
“spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings” (263).
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Sometimes More
Information Is Necessary
APA
MLA
• More than one author with the same
last name
(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)
• Two or more works in the same
parentheses
(Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975;
Showalter, 1997)
• Work with six or more authors
(Smith et al, 1998)
• Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
• More than one author with the same
last name
(W. Wordsworth 23); (D.
Wordsworth 224)
• More than one work by the same
author
(Joyce, Portrait 121); (Joyce,
Ulysses 556)
• Different volumes of a multivolume
work
(1: 336)
• Citing indirect sources
(Johnson qtd. in Boswell 2:450)
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Handling Parenthetical
Citations
If the source has no known
author, then use an abbreviated
version of the title:
Full Title: “California Cigarette
Tax Deters Smokers”
APA Citation: (“California,”
1999)
MLA Citation: (“California” A14)
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Where Can You Go for
Additional APA or MLA
Help?
• Your professor
• APA or MLA style
handbook
• Writing Center (see
handout)
• On-line resources (see
handout)
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Putting It All to Use
Consult the APA and MLA
Style Citations handouts
at your table as you work
as a group to review
using these handouts:
1.APA Compile-theReferences Activity
2.APA Citing-in-the-Text
Activity
3.MLA Citation Exercise
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