Transcript Document

Innovating Packaging
Solutions for Fresh Fish
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen, Anlaug Ådland Hansen,
Nofima Food, Matforsk, Norway
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Innovating Packaging solutions for
fresh fish
Outline:
 Packaging in general and the foods requirements
for packaging
 Packaging of fresh fish
 Nanotechnology and Packaging materials
 Biomaterials
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Packaging in general
 Function of packaging:
 Protect
 Preserve
 Practical
 Containment
 Communication
 Information
 Marketing
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Requirements to food packaging:
Many parameters to consider!
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Safety of food packaging materials - migration
Taste and smell neutral
Barrier to light
Barrier to oxygen
Barrier to water vapour
Barrier to CO2
Barrier to aroma
Temperature at filling, storage and distribution
Machinability and sealing properties
Reuse- recycling
Price
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Requirements to food packaging:
Many parameters to consider!
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Safety of food packaging materials - migration
Taste and smell neutral
Barrier to light
Barrier to oxygen
Pink
Barrier to water vapour
Barrier to CO2
Barrier to aroma
Temperature at filling, storage and distribution
Grey
Machinability and sealing properties
Bologna
Reuse- recycling
Price
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Pink
Grey
Ham
Requirements to food packaging:
Many parameters to consider!
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Safety of food packaging materials - migration
Taste and smell neutral
Barrier to light
Barrier to oxygen • Oxidation - Rancid
Barrier to water vapour
• Bacterial growth
Barrier to CO2
• Mould
Barrier to aroma
Temperature at filling, storage and distribution
Machinability and sealing properties
Reuse- recycling
Price
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Requirements to food packaging:
Many parameters to consider!
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Safety of food packaging materials - migration
Taste and smell neutral
Barrier to light
Barrier to oxygen
Barrier to water vapour
Barrier to CO2
Barrier to aroma
Temperature at filling, storage and distribution
Machinability and sealing properties
Reuse- recycling
Price
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
The golden triangle of packaging!
 Product
 Raw material
 Process
 Hygiene.
 Packaging-
material and machine
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Barrier
Runability
Sealability
Design
Hygiene.
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Packaged
product
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
 Distribution:
 Time
 Temperature
 Light
 Mechanical
impact
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Logistics
 Environment
 Consumer.
Packaging of fresh fish
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Fish
Packaging materials
Lobster
Packaging methods
Packaging solutions – innovating packaging solutions
Atlantic Salmon
Cod
Mackerel
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Fresh fish
Herring
 Great diversity
 Fishing ground
Atlantic Salmon
 Wild caught and farmed fish
 Season
 Fat content
 Fish parts
Wolffish
Blue Mussel
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Redfish
In general:
Chemical composition
• 66-84% water
Mackerel
15-24% protein
0,1-22% fat
1-3% carbohydrates
Cod
0,8-2% minerals
• Fat fish: more than 5% fat stored in the muscle (triglyceride)
• Lean fish: fat stock in the liver and only 0,5-1,5% fat in the
muscular tissue
• Different chemical composition in different parts of the fillet
(salmon and trout)
Trout
Salmon
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Fresh fish –
Contamination and packaging methods
 Contamination depends on habitat, e.g. sea water, fresh
water, pelagic or at the bottom
 Perishability or stability of the food product:
 chemical, biological and physical nature of the productinitial quality
 Internal factors:
• Water activity (aw)
• pH
• Red-Ox potensial (Eh)
• Nutritive substances
 Storage conditions and environmental factors
– Oxygen
– Light
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Storage time
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Fish and packaging methods
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Air/Open with ice
Vacuum packaging
Modified atmosphere packaging
Superchilled packaging
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Comparison of MAP, air and vacuum packaging:
Shelf life (sensory evaluation)
MAP
Air
Vacuum
Storage temp
CO2/N2/O2
Cod (G. morhua) fillets
17
6
16
8
0/100/0
Catfish (filets)
13
6
6
8
75/25/0
Salmon (S.salar
17
11
17
2
60/40/0
Shrimp, spotted (Pandalus
platyceros)
14
7
0
100/0/0
Swordfish (Xiphias gladius)
steaks
22
6
2
100/0/0
Sivertsvik, M., Jeksrud, W.K., Rosnes, T., International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2002, 37, 107±127
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Fish and packaging methods-
Modified atmosphere packaging
 Modified atmosphere packaging
 Gas composition
MAP: the enclosure of a
food product in a package
 Effect of CO2
(material with gas
 Solubility of CO2
barrier), in which the
gaseous environment has
 Gas/product ratio
been changed or modified
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Innovative packaging
solutions- active packaging
 Modified atmosphere packaging
 Gas/product ratio
 Optimal g/p ratio 3:1
 Economically and environmentally unfriendly
 CO2-emitter
 Production of CO2 after sealing
 Reduction of g/p ratio
 Proven effect
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Wolffish
CO2 in MAP packed Salmon
80
70
% CO2
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
Storage time (days)
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MAP 1:1 emitter
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MAP 2 :1
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
MAP 1:1
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Bacterial growth in Salmon - TVC
Interaction Plot (data means) for TotGrowth
PacMeth
1
2
3
8
7
6
Mean
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
4
8
11
15
18
22
25
Days
MAP 3:1 StressLevel ■
MAP
Worksheet: KjemBioMBlc
= 0.MTW
Salmon stored at 1°C with 60% CO2 / 40% N2
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
1:1 emitter
Vacuum
Summary –
Packaging materials and fresh fish
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Type of product - perishability
Storage conditions
Shelf life
Selection of packaging materials and packaging
method
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Nanotechnology
and food packaging
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen,
Nofima Food, Matforsk, Norway
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Nanotechnology and Packaging
materials
 What is nanotechnology?
 Properties of packaging materials with
nanoparticles
 What’s on the market?
 Active and intelligent packaging solutions
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Nanotechnology
What is nanotechnology?
• Technology that deals with
materials/particles in nano-size
• Nano = 10-9
• 1 Nanometre = 1/1 000 000 millimetre
– Human hair 60-80 000 nm thickness
– red blood corpuscle: 2 500 nm in
width
• Nanotechnology is multi disciplinary
• Physics, chemistry, biology,
engineering…..
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Nanotechnology
• Nano-size means atom level
• Percent surface area in propotion to total
volume is changed compared to materials in
bulk
• Use
– Cars/motors, aircrafts, energy,
electronic equipment, paint, cosmethics,
medicine, packaging etc.
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Nano-scaled additives in polymers;
Potential increased performance
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Mechanical strength
Dimentional stability
Thermal stability
Chemical resistance
Flame retardancy
Electrical conductivity
Optical properties
Transparency
UV resistance
Barrier properties
NFRNFR
Seminar
29. 29.
JuneJune
2007
Seminar
2007
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Nanotechnology and plastic materials
– some examples
• Inorganic/organic hybrid polymers
• Clay
• Cellulose microfibrils
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Polymer-Clay composites
Fig. 4, Alexandre & Dubois,
Mater. Sci. Eng.. 28(2000) 1-63
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
What’s on the market?
• More than 400 actors within science, development and
production is using nanotechnology and molcular knowledge
in food, food production and packaging
• More than 300 nano-food products is available on the
market.
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Polymers with nanocomposites
• Research in many areas and materials both thermosetings and
thermoplastic
• For thermoplastic materials e.g.:
– PA
– PS
– PP
– PET
– EVOH
– +++
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Nanotechnology and intelligent
food packaging materials
• Freshness indicator
– The packaging gives information about the freshness of
the products by the use of nanoparticles that change the
colour due to oxidation
– The packaging gives information about tampering
• Oxygen-intelligent printing ink / oxygen indicator
• Alteration of the properties or shape of the packaging
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Nanotechnology and active
food packaging materials
• Nanocomposite coating on the packaging material
– Designed for interaction/reaction with the food
• Reduction of the oxygen level in the packaging
• Preserving agent or addition of flavourings
• Anti-microbial packaging
– Nanoparticles irreversible bound to certain bacteria and
prevent them to affect the product
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Summary - Nanomaterials
• Materials with nanoparticles is available on the
market
• The effect of nanocomposites:
– Longer shelf life:
• Improved barrier properties
• Absorbing/reacting compounds
– Thinner/lighter packaging materials
– Functionality: anti-microbial, freshness indicatior,
preserving, sensors (temperature, humidity, light,
deterioration)
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Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Biomaterials
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen,
Nofima Food, Matforsk, Norway
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Biomaterials and Packaging
 Definitions
 Types of Biomaterials
 Suitability for fresh fish
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Biomaterials - Definitions
• Biopolymer, Bioplastic, bio-based polymer, biomaterial ,
biodegradable
– Organic material where source of the carbon is from
biological resources (not-fossil resources)
– Example Cellulose,
• Biodegradable :
Biodegradable polymers with approved biodegradability (according to EN
13432) Compostable packaging
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Defintion by European Bioplastics:
• Biodegradable
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biopolymer
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Raw materials
Fossile source
Properties
PBS
”Traditional”
Plastics:
E.g. PE, PP, PS,
PET, PA, PVC
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Biodegradable
PBAT,
Nonbiodegradable
PCL,
Renewable source
- biomass
Starch based materials,
Cellofan, PLA, PHA,
Chitosan
Many Cellulos
derivates
E.g. sugar based
PE
PCL = Poly (e-caprolacton)
PBAT= Poly(butylene adipateco-terephthalate)
PBS = Polybutylen succinat
PE = Polyetylen
PP = Polypropylen
PS = Polystyren
PET = Polyetylentereftalat
PA = Polyamid
PVC = Polyvinylklorid
PLA= Polylactic Acid
(Polylaktat)
PHA = Polyhydroksyalkanoat
Carbon cycle
Biomass/bio-organisms
CO2
1-10 years
Polymers,
chemicals and
fuels
Bioc
he
l ind
mica
ustry
> 106 years
Ch
ind emic
us al
try
Fossil resources
(petroleum, gas)
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
BIOBASED POLYMERS
Directly extracted
from Biomass
Poly
Proteins
-saccharides
Starch :
potato, Maize,
Wheat,Rice
Cellulose,
Cotton,
Wood etc.
Synthesised from
bio-derived monomers
Polymerisation
in microorganisms
Other
Polylactate
Polyesters
Bacterial
cellulose
Lipids
Animal
proteins:
Casein, Whey,
Collagen
Cross-linked
tri-glycerids
Plant
proteins:
Soya, Gluten,
Zein
Gums,
alginates,
pectins
Chitosan/
Chitin
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
PHA
Xanthan,
Curdlan,
Pullan
Starch
Directly extracted from bio-mass Natural occurring polymer in plants
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Starch based biopolymers dominates the market (75-80% in 2002)
Economical competitive to petrochemical materials
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Feedstock: Maize, potatoes, wheat, rice
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Properties
– Hydrophilic
– Brittle
– Mechanical properties are inferior to petrochemical polymers
– Relatively easy to process
– Vulnerable to degradation
– Low resistance to solvents and oils
Enhanced porperties
– Addition of plasticisers (e.g. glycerine)
– Blending with biodegradable copolyester
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ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
PLA – Poly(lactic acid)
Synthesised from bio-derived monomers - Monomers from bio renewable source
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Polymerised lactic acid produced by fermentation of carbohydrates
Feedstock : maize, (cellulose, agricultural waste)
High potential for substitution of petrochemicals like PE, PP, PS and PET due to
physical and chemical properties
– Hardness, stiffness, impact strength and elasticity comparable to PET
Processed on existing equipments: film blowing, thermoforming, injection moulding
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Properites:
– High transparency, high gloss and low haze
– Temperature sensitive:
• Glass transition temp 60°C (degrades quickly above this temperature)
• Low Vicat softening point (Less suitable for filling at elevated
temperatures)
• Low heat deflection temperature (HDT) and high heat seal strength (good
performance in film sealing)
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Energy requiring process
Require industrial composting conditions
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
PHA – Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)
Polymers produced in microorganisms
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A familiy of aliphatic polyesters
Feedstock: carbohydrates from maize, sugar, alcohols, lipids
Produced by microbial fermentation of sugar or lipids
High production costs; not entered the market
Wide range of molecular weight and structure; affects a number of
properties
PHA films are translucent, and moulded articles have high gloss
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Most common PHB (Poly (3-hydroksybutyrat)
– A polyester comparable (in melting characteristics and mechanical
properties) to petroleumbased PP
Low water vapour transmission rate (like LDPE)
Drawback: ageing/Maturing (Can be avoided by curing )
•
Promising material!
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Cellulose
Directly extracted from bio-mass- Natural occurring polymer in plants
• Cellophane:
– Hydrophilic /water vapour sensitive film
– Good mechanical properties (in dry state)
– Not thermoplastic or sealable
– Good oxygen barrier (in dry state)
– Coating with nitrocellulose-wax or PVDC
– Potential for product and process improvement
• Celluloseacetat
– Bakery and vegetables
– Poor water vapour and gas barrier properties
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Advantages/Disadvantages
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Reduced emission of CO2
Accelerated deforestation
Food production area
Energy and water consumption in production of
biomaterials
• Gen Modification (GMO)
• Recycling /reuse
• Price
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Biomaterials and fresh fish
Oxygen transmission rate
EVOH
Chitosan/glycerol
PVDC
PARAGON
Amylopectin/glycerol (10:4)
Whey/glycerol
Amylose/glycerol (10:4)
PA6
Wheat gluten/glycerol
PHA
PLA
Ecoflex
LDPE
0
1
2
3
4
5
Log OTR (cm3 µm/m2 d bar)
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
6
7
Water vapour transmission rate
-5
-4
Log WVT (g/m2/d)
-3
-2
-1
0
PVDC
LDPE
PHA
PLA
PA6
Ecoflex
Ricestarch/PE blend (20/80)
Wheat gluten/glycerol
Whey/glycerol
Chitosan/glycerol
PARAGON
EVOH
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Summary - Biomaterials
• Several products available on the market
• Positive contribution to life cycle assessment and
carbon handling compared to materials from
petrochemical/fossil sources
• Promising materials with satisfactory properties, but
some are hydrophobic
• Traditional processing equipment can be used
• Price: Bio based materials are more expensive due to
e.g. limited production capacity.
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen
Thank you for
your attention!
ProPAk Asia 2008, Bangkok
Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen