Transcript Document 2979287

Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer
Detection and Diagnosis
Thomas A. Ricard
University of South Florida
Major Advisor: Dr. Thomas Weller
Co-Advisor: Dr. Jeffrey Harrow
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
•Introduction / Prior Research
•Methodology
•Refinements
•Future Directions
•Milestone Estimates
•Future Work / Further Applications
•References
•Acknowledgements and Thanks
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Three known types of skin cancer:
•Basal Cell Carcinoma
•Squamous Cell Carcinoma
•Malignant Melanoma
Malignant melanoma accounts for 5% of skin cancer incidences,
but is responsible for 71% of skin cancer deaths! [1]
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Our Goal:
To use microwave illumination to detect and classify skin
lesions as cancerous or non-cancerous, benign or malignant,
using a non-invasive, real-time system that will reduce the need
for excision and biopsy.
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Prior Research
Low Frequency Impedance Spectroscopy [2]:
•Measurement of skin impedance at various frequencies
(from 1 KHz to 1 MHz)
•Some differentiation found between lesions and
malignancies
•Results insufficiently conclusive for a “stand-alone” test
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Prior Research
Probe used in impedance
spectroscopy measurements
Consists of four concentric
electrodes
Outer electrode diameter
approximately 10 mm
Reference [3]
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Prior Research
Impedance data comparing
benign lesions to basal cell
carcinoma.
Overlapping S.D. markers
demonstrate insufficient
differentiation.
Reference [3]
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Prior Research
High Frequency Lightwave Technology [4]
Analyzes spectrum
of reflected visible &
infrared light waves
Relatively simple, since
only surface characteristics
can be studied
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Prior Research
Spectral data comparing
benign and cancerous
skin lesions.
Malignancy indicated by
spectral “dip” at 580 nm.
Reference [4]
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Prior Research
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
a
n
c
e
Frequency
•Relatively low depth of
penetration
•Tissue reflectance
coefficients increase with
frequency
•Reference [5]
Wavelength (nm)
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Our Research
Using microwave radiation to illuminate areas of the skin:
Higher frequency than impedance spectroscopy
Less ambiguous results
Lower frequency than lightwave technology
Less attenuation vs. depth of penetration
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Why Use Microwave Frequencies?
Successes in Related Research:
El-Shenawee, January 2004 [6]
Differences in dielectric properties
of normal and malignant breast
tissues at microwave frequencies.
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Why Use Microwave Frequencies?
Successes in Related Research:
Hagness et al., August 2003 [7]
Microwave imaging of closelyspaced breast tumor phantoms
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction
Microwave Radiation:
Between Impedance Spectroscopy and Lightwave Technology
http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/waves3.html
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
Concept of Electromagnetic Reflections:
•Well-known and understood aspect of
electromagnetic field theory
•Similar to the reflection and transmission of
lightwaves
•Also analogous to audio reverberations, or echoes
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
Theory of Multiple Reflections:
Signals reflect when medium characteristics change
Reference
[8]
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Block Diagram
•Non-biological
samples
•Known electrical
properties
•Single frequency
(10 GHz)
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Data Analysis
X-Band Horn
Antenna
Gain  23 dB
Half - Power
Beamwidth
 12.8°
@ 10 GHz
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Data Analysis
Determining Apparent Voltage Reflection Coefficient (A)
•Return Loss: RL = -20 log (Reflected Voltage / Incident Voltage)
•Return Loss corrected for system losses (SL  15.3 dB, verified
by analysis and direct measurement
of cabling and switching losses)
•Convert to voltage ratio: A = 10 - (RL-SL)/20
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Data Analysis
Near and Far Field Response
(Circular Aperture Horn Antenna)
1.0
Antenna
Response
from FlatPlate Reflector
Reflected Voltage Magnitude
0.9
Far- Field A
Approximation:
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
A = (G)1/2
0.4
0.3
(4)3/2 R2
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
[9]
Distance (meters)
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Data Analysis
Far-Field Reflection Data
(Circular Aperture Horn Antenna)
0.25
Antenna
Response
from FlatPlate Reflector
Voltage Reflection
0.20
Far- Field
Approximation
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
Distance in Meters
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Data Analysis
To verify test setup
Why this exercise?
To verify test methods
To verify analysis methods
The good news:
Good fit between measurements
and far-field data
Good radar cross-section correlation
Measured  = 38.1 dBsm
Analytical  = 42.4 dBsm [9]
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Data Analysis
•Test setup mimics a network analyzer
•Return Loss = -20 log (Reflected Voltage / Incident Voltage)
•Return Loss corrected for system losses ( 15.3 dB, verified
by analysis and direct measurement of cabling and switching losses)
•Comparison to Advanced Design Systems simulations using
Ideal Transmission Lines
•Correction does not account for signal spreading losses and
field of view (antenna-to-sample, sample-to-antenna)
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Test Data
TABLE 1
SINGLE LAYER/COMBINATION DIELECTRIC
SAMPLE RETURN LOSS
Material(s)
RT6006
TMM101
RT 6006/RT5880
TMM101/RT5880
Analytical
8.88 dB
10.75 dB
11.93 dB
11.94 dB
Measured
9.98 dB
9.80 dB
10.97 dB
11.21 dB
Agreement
+1.10 dB
-0.95 dB
-0.96 dB
-0.73 dB
•Non-biological
samples
•Known electrical
properties
•Single frequency
(10 GHz)
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Test Data
SINGLE LAYER/COMBINATION DIELECTRIC SAMPLE
RETURN LOSS SIGNIFICANCE
•Results show that material changes at a surface can be
predicted and detected
•Methodology can be applied to detection of skin surface
phenomena
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Test Data
DIELECTRIC SAMPLE LAYER REMOVAL PROCEDURE
•Signal divider “taps off” a portion of the
incident signal
•Signal combiner adds incident sample to
reflected signal
•Partial cancellation possible by varying
amplitude and phase of incident signal
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Test Data
DIELECTRIC SAMPLE LAYER REMOVAL PROCEDURE
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
Measure bottom layer reflection magnitude (single layer directly on
absorber layer).
Measure top layer reflection magnitude (single layer directly on absorber
layer, bottom layer underneath absorber, to control distances).
Set phase shift and attenuation to cancel top layer response.
Insert bottom layer between absorber and top layer (top layer is still same
distance from antenna).
Compare response to that measured in step 1.
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Test Data
TABLE 2
DIELECTRIC SAMPLE LAYER REMOVAL RESULTS
Top Layer r
2.20
9.80
2.20
6.15
Bottom Layer r / RL
6.15 / 39.1 dB
6.15 / 39.1 dB
9.80 / 38.3 dB
9.80 / 38.3 dB
Recovered RL
37.9 dB
39.5 dB
37.4 dB
38.0 dB
Agreement
-1.2 dB
+0.4 dB
-0.9 dB
-0.3 dB
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Methodology
“Proof-of-Concept” Test Data
DIELECTRIC SAMPLE LAYER REMOVAL SIGNIFICANCE
•Results show that material changes underneath a surface can
be predicted and detected
•Methodology can be applied to detection of subcutaneous
phenomena
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Refinements
•Investigate near-field horn antenna characteristics using HFSS
simulation software.
•Will near-field approximations also coincide with measured
reflector response?
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Refinements
Investigate possible antenna alternatives:
Aperture waveguide antenna:
•Gain with respect to horn antenna?
•Beamwidth / Field-of-View with respect to horn antenna?
Coaxial probes
•Predictable response
•Lose non-contact nature of testing
•Constant distance - not affected by R2 effects
•Fringing effects (non-axial signal spreading) ?
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Future Direction
•Extend “proof-of-concept” to frequencies applicable to
biological phenomena
Questions:
•What are we going to look for?
•Where are we going to look for it?
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Future Direction
Our Idea: O2 Resonance at 60 GHz
Why O2?
Tumors tend to be
angiogenic, increasing
blood supply to support
metastasis. [10], [11], [12]
Altered blood flow
implies variable tissue
oxygenation levels.
[13], [14]
http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Future Direction
Our Idea: O2 Resonance at 60 GHz
Why 60 GHz?
Most pronounced
absorption peak. [9], [15]
[16]
Within capabilities of
present-day measurement
equipment (e.g., Anritsu
37397C Network Analyzer)
http://www.educatorscorner.com
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Future Direction
•Use of biologically-derived skin
samples (laboratory mice)
http://health.yahoo.com/centers/skin_cancer/5
•Work with Moffitt Cancer Center
and James A. Haley Veterans
Hospital (Co-advisement,
laboratory use, materials)
•Begin construction of skin lesion
characteristics database
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Milestones
Task
Proof-of-concept experimentation,
data collection and analysis
Estimated/Completed Date
To be completed Jan. 2006
Begin oxygenation studies at 60 GHz
(Non-biological materials)
January 2006
Apply techniques to simulated
biological samples
June 2006
Acquire third-generation test specimen
in conjunction with cutaneous Oncology
specialists (laboratory mice)
January 2007
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Future Work / Further Applications
•Establish characteristics database
•Benign and malignant tumors of various types for future
correlation and identification
•Apply technology to characterize burn and wound areas
•Other Applications:
•Psoriasis studies
•Mechanical stress (pressure points, etc.)
•Breast Cancer (Ductal carcinoma in-situ microcalcifications)
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
References
[1]
Thomas, J. “Skin Cancer – The Facts”, www.skincancerfacts.org.uk, May 2004.
[2]
Åberg, P.; Nicander, I.; Holmgren, U.; Geladi, P. and Ollmar, S.
“Assessment of Skin Lesions and Skin Cancer using Simple Electrical
Impedance Indices”, Skin Research and Technology 2003, vol. 9, pp. 257 – 261.
[3]
Dua, R.; Beetner, D.; Stoecker, W. and Wunsch, D. “Detection of Basal Cell
Carcinoma Using Electrical Impedance and Neural Networks”, IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, January 2004, pp. 66 - 71.
[4]
Mehrübeoğlu, M.; Kehtmavaz, N.; Marquez, G.; Duvic, M. and Wang, L.V.
“Skin Lesion Classification Using Oblique-Incidence Diffuse Reflectance
Spectroscopic Imaging”, Applied Optics, January 2002, pp. 182 – 192.
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
References
[5]
Cui, W.; Ostrander, L.E. and Lee, B.Y. “In Vivo Reflectance of Blood and Tissue
as a Function of Light Wavelength”, IEEE Transactions on
Biomedical
Engineering, June 1990, pp. 632 – 639.
[6]
El-Shanawee, M. “Resonant Spectra of Malignant Breast Cancer Tumors Using
the Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Fast Multipole Model”, IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, January 2004, pp.35 - 44.
[7]
Bond, E.J.; Xu, L.; Hagness, S.C.; Van Veen, B.D. “Microwave Imaging via
Space-Time Beamforming for Early Detection of Breast Cancer”, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, August 2003, pp. 1690 - 1705.
[8]
Balanis, C., Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, New York: John Wiley
& Sons, 1989.
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
References
[9]
NAWCWPNS TP 8347, Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering
Handbook (Rev. 2), Washington, DC: Naval Air Systems Command Avionics
Department, 1 April 1999.
[10]
Freinkel, R.K. and Woodley, D.T., eds., The Biology of the Skin, New York:
Parthenon Publishing Group, 2001.
[11]
Kleinsmith, L.J.; Kerrigan, D.; Kelly, J. and Hollen, B. “Understanding
Angiogenesis”, National Cancer Institute,
http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer/angiogenesis
[12]
Steen, R.G., A Conspiracy of Cells - The Basic Science of Cancer, New York:
Plenum Press, 1993.
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
References
[13]
Pindera, M.Z.; Ding, H. and Lin, P.C. “Development and Validation of
Angiogenesis Models”. Huntsville, AL: CFD Research Corporation, 2005.
[14]
Folkman, J. “Angiogenesis and Its Inhibitors”, DeVita, V.T.Jr.; Hellman, S.
And Rosenberg, S.A., eds., Important Advances in Oncology 1985,
Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1985.
[15]
Stimson, G.W., Introduction to Airborne Radar, El Segundo, CA: Hughes
Aircraft Company, 1983.
[16]
Brussard, G. and Watson, P.A., Atmospheric Modeling and Millimetre Wave
Propagation, London: Chapman and Hall, 1995.
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Acknowledgement
Support provided by the NSF IGERT
grant DGE Grant No., DGE-0221681
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
And Thanks To...
Committee Members
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Thomas Weller
(Major Advisor)
Jeffrey Harrow (Co-Advisor)
Shekar Bhansali
Lawrence Dunleavy
Noreen Luetteke
Nagarajan Ranganathan
John Whitaker
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
And Thanks Also To...
Mr.
Dr.
Ms.
Ms.
Bernard Batson
Don Hilbelink
Gayla Montgomery
Norma Paz
Emerson & Cuming Microwave Products
EZ Form Cable Corporation
Rogers Corporation
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Microwave Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis