Review

1450-1750 Major Developments

 European discovery of Americas creates a New Global Economy which begins a process of globalization   Atlantic Trade Network (Triangular Trade) Atlantic Slave Trade  Major Biological Exchanges (Columbian Exchange)  New Empires in Asia, Africa, Europe and Americas  Gunpowder Empires  Colonial administrations  Coercive labor systems  Slave Systems  Rise of Europe  Scientific Revolution  Enlightenment

Major Civilizations 1450-1750

 The Americas: Aztec, Inca  Africa: Kongo, Benin, Oyo, Dahomey, Ashanti, Songhay  East Asia: Ming, Qing, Tokugawa  South Asia: Mughal

Continuities 1450-1750

 Existing trade routes continued to be important to global exchange  No sweeping global cultural changes during this era  No systematic changes in gender relations  Spread of world religions continued  Ex. Christianity to the Americas

Global Processes 1450-1750

 Triangular Trade Network (including Atlantic Slave Trade)  Exploration  European Colonization of the Americas  Columbian Exchange

1453

 Ottomans capture Constantinople

1488

 Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope

1492

 Columbus sails the ocean blue.

1502

 African slaves begin to arrive in the Americas.

1517

 Martin Luther writes the 95 Theses

1521

 Cortez conquered the Aztecs.

1533

 Pizarro conquered the Incas.

1571

 Battle of Lepanto (naval defeat of the Ottomans)

1588

 British defeat the Spanish Armada

1600

 Battle of Sekigahara – beginning of Tokugawa Shogunate

1618-1614

 Thirty Years War

1683

 Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna

 Glorious Revolution & English Bill of Rights

 Ottomans capture Constantinople

Ottomans capture Constantinople

 Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope

Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope

 Columbus sails the ocean blue.

Columbus sails the ocean blue.

 African slaves begin to arrive in the Americas.

African slaves begin to arrive in the Americas.

 Martin Luther writes the 95 Theses

Martin Luther writes the 95 Theses

 Cortez conquered the Aztecs.

Cortez conquered the Aztecs.

 Pizarro conquered the Incas.

Pizarro conquered the Incas.

 Battle of Lepanto (naval defeat of the Ottomans)

Battle of Lepanto (naval defeat of the Ottomans)

 British defeat the Spanish Armada

British defeat the Spanish Armada

 Battle of Sekigahara – beginning of Tokugawa Shogunate

Battle of Sekigahara – beginning of Tokugawa Shogunate

 Thirty Years War

Thirty Years War

 Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna

Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna

 Glorious Revolution & English Bill of Rights

Glorious Revolution & English Bill of Rights

Review Questions

Women 1450 - 1750

     In most parts of the world, women continue to occupy a secondary status.

In most societies, marriage was primarily an economic arrangement.

In a limited and gradual sense, some parts of Europe began to develop a greater awareness of the injustice of the position women held in society.

Aristocratic women and increasingly middle class women had informal forms of influence over husbands and sons, the education of children, running households and businesses and managing finances.

A handful of monarchs were women.

Economic Trends 1450-1750

       Rise of a global trade network Emergence of Europe as a world economic power Decline in the power of nomadic groups Inflation as a result of increase in gold and silver New major trade network (Atlantic) Increase in the importance of trade-based wealth vs. land based wealth New labor systems   Enslavement of Native American and Africans by Europeans European colonial economies in the Americas heavily dependant on based on slave labor

Demographic Trends 1450-1750

 Migration of Europeans to the Americas  Forced migration of Africans to the Americas  Overall global population increase  Largest increases in population were in Europe and Asia

Environmental Trends 1450 – 1750

 Transfer of plants, animals and diseases via the Columbian Exchange  Increase agricultural development

Cultural and Intellectual Developments 1450 - 1750

 European Renaissance  Protestant Reformation  European Enlightenment  Increase in the influence of Neo-Confucianism in China  New art forms in the Mughal Empire in India

Land-based Powers 1450 -1750

 Ottoman Empire  Safavid Empire (Persia/Present-day Iran)  Mughal Empire (India)  Ming and Qing China  Tokugawa Japan  Songhay (Songhai) Empire (western Africa)  Benin

Sea-based Powers 1450 – 1750

 Portugal  Spain  France  England

Reasons for Rise in European Population

 Introduction of potatoes and corn from the “New World”  European agricultural revolution

Rise of Europe 1450 - 1750

 Before 1400s – Europe is behind  1500s – 1600s – Europe is about even  1700s – Europe is beginning to pass other parts of the world in terms of wealth and technology  1800s – Europe is becoming a dominant economic and military world power and there is an increase in European imperial activity

Political Developments in Europe 1450 - 1750

 1 st World Wars (ex. 7 Years War)  Rise of Nation-States  New forms of monarchy  Absolute Monarchies  Parliamentary Governments

Divine right

 Monarch get their right to rule from God; therefore, this right cannot be taken away

Nation-state

 Solid political units with relatively fixed borders, a sense of national unity and mostly homogeneous populations ethnically and linguistically

Social Developments in Europe 1450 - 1750

 Social diversification as a result of the growing importance of nonagricultural occupations (ex. Banking, commerce, trade, shop keeping, artisanry, craftsmanship)  Rise of middle class (bourgeoisie)

 Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)  Qing Dynasty (1644-

 Japan was disunified  Governed by military shoguns  Feudal wars  Independent states ruled by landed aristocracy (daiymo)

 Tokugawa Ieyasu  Tokugawa Shogunate ruled from 1603-1868.

 Ottoman  Safavid  Mughal

 Ottoman – N. Africa, SE Europe, SW Asia  Safavid – Present day Iran  Mughal – northern India

 Central Asia

 The Sultan

 Sultans did not marry  The heir was not necessarily the oldest son

 Istanbul

 Suleiman the Magnificent  (aka Suleiman the Lawgiver)

 janissaries



elite social network made up mostly of the sultan’s relatives

 Sinan

 The Shah

 Persian Culture  Religion – Shiite Muslim

 Persian Rugs

 Mongol warlord – Babur (aka the Tiger) in 1520

 textiles

 The Taj Mahal