09 TAJMT Chapter 13

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Transcript 09 TAJMT Chapter 13

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1:

Cold War Origins

Section 2:

Postwar Politics

Section 3:

The Korean War

Section 4:

America in the 1950s

Visual Summary

Chapter Menu

Cold War Origins

Essential Question

How and why did America aid European nations after World War II?

Chapter Intro

Postwar Politics

Essential Question

What economic, social, and political challenges did Americans face after World War II?

Chapter Intro

The Korean War

Essential Question

How and why did America involve itself in the Korean conflict of the 1950s?

Chapter Intro

America in the 1950s

Essential Question

prosperity of the 1950s affect the country’s economy and culture?

How did the American Chapter Intro

Chapter Time Line

Chapter Preview-End

How and why did America aid European nations after World War II?

Section 1-Essential Question

Reading Guide

Content Vocabulary

• iron curtain • containment • airlift • cold war • subversion • espionage • blacklist • perjury • censure

Academic Vocabulary

• cooperate • pose Section 1-Key Terms

Reading Guide

(cont.) Key People and Events

• Harry S. Truman • Mao Zedong Section 1-Key Terms

Are you concerned more about the threat of nuclear war or the threat of terrorism?

Nuclear war

Terrorism A. A B. B

A 0% 0% B

Section 1-Polling Question

Wartime Diplomacy

During World War II, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain worked out plans for the organization of the postwar world.

Section 1

Wartime Diplomacy

(cont.)

• In February 1945, the “Big Three” Allied leaders —Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin —met at Yalta to discuss issues affecting the postwar world.

• The Allies agreed to divide Germany into four zones, with each zone run by an Allied power.

Section 1

Wartime Diplomacy

(cont.)

• President Roosevelt died suddenly on April 12, 1945, and Vice President

Harry S. Truman

succeeded him.

• On June 26, in San Francisco, California, 50 nations signed the charter creating the United Nations, which they hoped could settle international disputes and prevent future wars.

Section 1

Which of the following was NOT one of the “Big Three” Allied leaders?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harry S. Truman

Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin

A 0%

A. A B. B C. C

0% 0% B

D. D

C 0% D

Section 1

Soviet Expansion in Europe

Soviet efforts to spread communism in Europe led to tense relations with the United States, which wanted to contain communism.

Section 1

Soviet Expansion in Europe

(cont.)

• Distrust soon arose between the West and the Soviets, and Europe split into two armed camps —Communist Eastern Europe and democratic Western Europe.

• Winston Churchill believed that an “

iron curtain

” had descended on Europe, permanently cutting off Eastern Europe from the West.

Europe After World War II

Section 1

Soviet Expansion in Europe

(cont.)

• Since the United States and the Soviet Union could not

cooperate

, the United States adopted the policy of

containment

— holding back the Soviets using military as well as nonmilitary ways.

Europe After World War II

Section 1

Soviet Expansion in Europe

(cont.)

• When Communists attempted to overthrow Greece’s pro-Western government, President Truman provided immediate aid to the Greeks.

– This pledge that the United States would fight the spread of communism worldwide came to be known as the Truman Doctrine.

Europe After World War II

Section 1

Soviet Expansion in Europe

(cont.)

• The economic support for Western Europe known as the Marshall Plan helped weaken the appeal of communism.

Europe After World War II

Section 1

Who coined the phrase “the iron curtain”?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harry S. Truman

Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin

A 0%

A. A B. B C. C

0% 0% B

D. D

C 0% D

Section 1

Crisis in Berlin

The Western Allies successfully resisted Soviet attempts to halt the Allies’ plans for uniting West Germany.

Section 1

Crisis in Berlin

(cont.)

• Stalin feared that a reunited Germany would

pose

a threat to the Soviet Union.

• On June 24, 1948, Soviet troops created a blockade, cutting off West Berlin’s 2.2 million citizens from needed supplies. – The Soviets hoped this blockade would force the Americans, British, and French to reconsider their plan for unification.

Berlin Airlift

Section 1

Crisis in Berlin

(cont.)

• President Truman sent supplies through an

airlift

, and eventually Stalin ended the blockade.

• By the end of 1949, there were two German states —the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), allied with the United States, and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), a Communist state tied to the Soviet Union.

Berlin Airlift

Section 1

How did the Allies get supplies past the Soviet blockade of West Berlin?

By truck

By boat

By plane They were not able to get supplies past the blockade.

A 0%

A. A B. B C. C

0% 0% B

D. D

C 0% D

Section 1

Two Armed Camps

The United States and the Soviet Union formed rival alliances, and their competition for influence spread to other parts of the world.

Section 1

Two Armed Camps

(cont.)

• The Berlin crisis showed that the United States and the Soviet Union were locked in a

cold war

—a war in which the two enemies did not actually fight each other.

• In 1949 the United States, Canada, and 10 Western European nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO.

Section 1

Two Armed Camps

(cont.)

• In response, the Soviets in 1955 set up a military alliance —the Warsaw Pact—with the Communist governments of Eastern Europe.

• As the Cold War deepened, many nations experienced dramatic change. Many areas broke free of colonial rule and became independent. – The Philippines gained independence from the United States in 1946. Section 1

Two Armed Camps

(cont.)

– In the late 1940s, the South Asian countries of India, Pakistan, and Burma won freedom from British rule.

– During the 1950s and 1960s, more than 25 African nations gained independence from European powers. – After declaring independence, the Jewish state of Israel was attacked by the armies of neighboring Arab countries in the first of six major wars between the Arabs and Israelis.

Section 1

Two Armed Camps

(cont.)

• In 1949, Communist state, the People’s Republic of China.

Mao Zedong

formed a new • Former leader Chiang Kai-shek retreated with his forces to the island of Taiwan off the southeastern coast of China, and the United States recognized the government in Taiwan as the legitimate government of all China. Section 1

Which group formed to stop the spread of Soviet influence in Western Europe?

United Nations

Warsaw Pact

North Atlantic Treaty Organization House Un-American Activities Committee A. A B. B

A 0%

C. C

D. D

B 0% C 0% D

Section 1

Cold War Fears

The Cold War heightened Americans’ fears about communism in American society.

Section 1

Cold War Fears

(cont.)

• The Cold War increased Americans’ fears of Communist

subversion

, and many Americans worried that Communists had penetrated all levels of American society and were weakening the government.

• In response to this “Red Scare,” President Truman ordered an investigation into the loyalty of all federal employees.

– Although little evidence of

espionage

was found, many federal workers lost their jobs.

Section 1

Cold War Fears

(cont.)

• Several screenwriters and film directors went to jail for refusing to answer questions about their political beliefs or those of their colleagues.

– Reacting to pressure, film companies created

blacklists

—lists of individuals whose loyalty was suspect —that kept people from working in films.

Section 1

Cold War Fears

(cont.)

• Alger Hiss, a former government official, was accused of spying for the Soviets, found guilty of

perjury

, and sent to prison.

• The Rosenbergs, a couple from New York, were accused of passing secrets about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union and sentenced to death for spying.

Section 1

Cold War Fears

(cont.)

• From 1950 to 1954, the hunt for Communists was led by Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, who claimed that a vast Communist network existed within the government.

• In December 1954, the Senate voted to

censure

McCarthy for his wild accusations.

Section 1

What term is used to describe the use of unproven charges to discredit people?

Censure

McCarthyism

Perjury

Blacklist

A. A B. B C. C

0% 0% B

D. D

C A 0% D

Section 1

Section 1-End

What economic, social, and political challenges did Americans face after World War II?

Section 2-Essential Question

Reading Guide

Content Vocabulary

• inflation • closed shop • desegregate

Academic Vocabulary

• stable • domestic Section 2-Key Terms

Reading Guide

(cont.) Key People and Events

• Fair Deal • Taft-Hartley Act Section 2-Key Terms

Is it ever acceptable to segregate people based on race, religion, or ethnic origins?

Yes

No A. A B. B

A 0% 0% B

Section 2-Polling Question

The Postwar Economy

Americans faced rising prices and labor unrest during the late 1940s.

Section 2

The Postwar Economy

(cont.)

• During the war, government price controls kept the cost of consumer goods

stable

; however, when the government lifted these controls, prices began to climb.

– Because of this

inflation

, prices rose much faster than wages.

The GI Bill

Section 2

The Postwar Economy

(cont.)

• When employers refused to raise wages, labor strikes broke out and disrupted the economy.

• President Truman had to intervene to get striking miners and railroad workers to return to work.

The GI Bill

Section 2

What kept prices stable during World War II?

Inflation

Government price controls

The threat of labor strikes An excess supply of most goods A. A B. B

A 0%

C. C

0% 0%

D. D

B C 0% D

Section 2

Truman Faces the Republicans

President Truman and the Republican-controlled Congress disagreed over how to solve the nation’s economic problems.

Section 2

Truman Faces the Republicans

(cont.)

• In September 1945, President Truman presented a plan of problems.

domestic

reforms aimed at solving some of the nation’s economic – Truman later called this program the

Fair Deal

Section 2

Truman Faces the Republicans

(cont.)

• Because of opposition by a coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats, Truman’s plan failed to pass in Congress.

• In the spring of 1947, Republican legislators introduced the

Taft-Hartley Act

. The act: – limited the actions workers could take against their employers.

Section 2

Truman Faces the Republicans

(cont.)

– outlawed the

closed shop

union members.

, or the practice of forcing business owners to hire only – allowed the government to temporarily stop any strike that endangered public health or safety.

Section 2

Truman Faces the Republicans

(cont.)

• Truman vetoed the act, but the Republican controlled Congress overrode Truman’s veto.

• Truman and Congress agreed on improving the efficiency of the federal government, which had grown considerably since the New Deal.

Section 2

Truman Faces the Republicans

(cont.)

• In 1947 Congress passed the National Security Act, which set up several government agencies. – The Department of Defense – The Joint Chiefs of Staff – The National Security Council – The Central Intelligence Agency Section 2

Truman Faces the Republicans

(cont.)

• In the presidential election of 1948, Truman faced Republican Thomas Dewey as well as two candidates that split from the Democratic Party —Strom Thurmond and Henry Wallace.

• With the Democrats badly divided, Dewey was the favorite to win the election; however, Truman won a narrow victory and the Democrats regained control of both houses of Congress.

The Election of 1948

Section 2

Who was the Progressive Party candidate in the presidential election of 1948?

Thomas Dewey

Strom Thurmond

Henry Wallace

Harry S. Truman

A. A B. B C. C

0% 0% B

D. D

C A 0% D

Section 2

A Fair Deal for Americans

The Truman administration pushed for civil rights reforms.

Section 2

A Fair Deal for Americans

(cont.)

• After being reelected, Truman quickly reintroduced the Fair Deal legislation he presented to Congress in 1945.

• Congress passed laws to raise the minimum wage, expand Social Security benefits for senior citizens, and provide funds for housing for low-income families.

• Truman called for an end to discrimination based on race, religion, or ethnic origins.

Section 2

A Fair Deal for Americans

(cont.)

• Truman ordered federal agencies to end job discrimination against African Americans and ordered the armed forces to

desegregate

• Although much of the president’s Fair Deal vision went unfulfilled, he made an important start toward improving the lives of millions of Americans. Section 2

Which of the following was NOT a part of Truman’s Fair Deal proposal?

Increase minimum wage

Expand Social Security benefits

Provide funds for housing for low-income families

Increase military spending A. A B. B

A 0%

C. C

D. D

B 0% C 0% D

Section 2

Section 2-End

How and why did America involve itself in the Korean conflict of the 1950s?

Section 3-Essential Question

Reading Guide

Content Vocabulary

• stalemate • demilitarized zone

Academic Vocabulary

• assure • conclude Section 3-Key Terms

Reading Guide

(cont.) Key People and Events

• Douglas MacArthur Section 3-Key Terms

Do you agree with MacArthur that nuclear weapons should have been used to more quickly end the Korean War?

Strongly agree

Somewhat agree

Somewhat disagree

Strongly disagree A. A B. B

A 0%

C. C

D. D

B 0% C 0% D

Section 3-Polling Question

Conflict in Korea

Americans under the United Nations’ flag fought a war in Korea during the early 1950s.

Section 3

Conflict in Korea

(cont.)

• At the end of World War II, the Americans and the Soviets divided the east Asian country of Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude.

• On June 25, 1950, the Communist forces of North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to take over that country.

The Korean War 1950 –1953

Section 3

Conflict in Korea

(cont.)

• Truman persuaded the United Nations to send troops, most of which were American and under the command of U.S. general

Douglas MacArthur

• Encouraged by early success, General MacArthur urged President Truman to order the invasion of North Korea and create a unified and democratic Korea.

The Korean War 1950 –1953

Section 3

Conflict in Korea

(cont.)

• The Chinese Communists saw the advancing troops as a threat, and hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops crossed the border and drove the UN forces back to South Korea.

The Korean War 1950 –1953

Section 3

What line divided North and South Korea?

The 28 th parallel

The 36 th parallel

The 38 th parallel

The 44 th parallel

A 0%

A. A B. B C. C

0% 0% B

D. D

C 0% D

Section 3

American Leadership Divided

President Truman and General MacArthur disagreed over how to fight the Korean War.

Section 3

American Leadership Divided

(cont.)

• United Nations forces launched a counteroffensive and pushed the Communists back across the 38th parallel, and the war became a

stalemate

lasted for almost two years.

which • On April 11, 1951, President Truman

concluded

that he must relieve General MacArthur of his command in Korea due to their different opinions on the war.

Section 3

American Leadership Divided

(cont.)

• In 1953, a cease-fire agreement was signed that set up a

demilitarized zone

between the two Koreas. • The Korean War ended with no victory for either side and almost no change in territory.

Section 3

How did Truman try to contain communism on the Korean Peninsula?

By dividing Korea

By attacking China

A. A By defending South Korea B. B By bombing the Soviet Union C. C

A 0% 0%

D. D

B 0% C 0% D

Section 3

Section 3-End

How did the American prosperity of the 1950s affect the country’s economy and culture?

Section 4-Essential Question

Reading Guide

Content Vocabulary

• surplus • arms race • summit • affluence • materialism

Academic Vocabulary

• nuclear • economy Section 4-Key Terms

Reading Guide

(cont.) Key People and Events

• Dwight D. Eisenhower • Nikita Khrushchev Section 4-Key Terms

Rate your agreement with the following statement: The budget of the United States should always be balanced. A.

Strongly agree

Somewhat agree

Somewhat disagree

Strongly disagree

A. A B. B C. C

0% 0% A C D

Section 4-Polling Question

The Eisenhower Years

President Eisenhower promoted policies to maintain prosperity at home and to compete with the Soviets abroad.

Section 4

The Eisenhower Years

(cont.)

• In November 1952, Americans elected

Dwight D. Eisenhower

to the presidency in a landslide victory over Illinois Governor Adlai E. Stevenson.

• During his two terms in office, Eisenhower followed a moderate, or middle-of-the-road, approach to domestic policy.

• When Eisenhower completed his second term in 1961, the federal budget had a

surplus

$300 million.

Election of 1952

Section 4

The Eisenhower Years

(cont.)

• In 1956 Congress passed the Federal Highway Act, which funded the building of more than 40,000 miles of highways that tied the nation together. • During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a nuclear

arms race

– Both sides built more and more

nuclear

warheads and guided missiles that could destroy the other side many times over.

Election of 1952

Section 4

The Eisenhower Years

(cont.)

– With the threat of nuclear destruction so great, a badly managed crisis could lead to all-out war.

• In early November 1956, Soviet leader

Nikita Khrushchev

ordered Soviet forces to crush a revolt in Hungary. – President Eisenhower condemned the Soviet crackdown but did not intervene.

Election of 1952

Section 4

The Eisenhower Years

(cont.)

• In July 1955, Eisenhower, NATO leaders, and Soviet officials met at a

summit

conference in Geneva, Switzerland, and discussed major issues, raising hopes for peace.

Election of 1952

Section 4

What term describes when your income is larger than your expenditures?

Debt

Surplus

Summit

Economy

0% A

A. A B. B C. C

0% 0% B

D. D

0% D

Section 4

Prosperity and Change

A booming economy changed the social and cultural life of Americans during the 1950s.

Section 4

Prosperity and Change

(cont.)

• During the 1950s, the American

economy

grew rapidly.

•

Affluence

, the growing variety and quantity of products available, and expanded advertising all played a role in an increased demand for consumer goods.

Economics & History

Section 4

Prosperity and Change

(cont.)

• Television became the main form of entertainment as well as an important source of news and information for American families.

• A new form of music—rock ‘n’ roll—achieved great popularity among teenagers.

Economics & History

Section 4

Which of the following was NOT a fad of the 1950s?

Hula hoops

Poodle skirts

Crew cuts

Levi’s

A 0%

A. A B. B C. C

0% 0% B

D. D

0% D

Section 4

Problems in a Time of Plenty

Many Americans did not share in the prosperity of the 1950s.

Section 4

Problems in a Time of Plenty

(cont.)

• Many farmers and people in Appalachia lived in poverty and did not share in the prosperity of the 1950s.

• As increasing numbers of middle-class Americans moved to the suburbs in the 1950s, the inner cities became islands of poverty.

• The urban poor struggled not only with poverty but also with racial discrimination in employment, housing, and education. Section 4

Problems in a Time of Plenty

(cont.)

• Some Americans felt that the sameness of corporate and suburban life and the increase of American

materialism

had a cost.

• A group of writers called the Beats also criticized American society.

• With American society changing, women and African Americans became increasingly impatient for change and less willing to accept their status as second-class citizens.

Section 4

To what does the “white flight” refer?

The movement of whites to the suburbs

The tour of American warships around the world

The invention of the airplane

The movement of whites to Appalachia A. A B. B

A 0%

C. C

0% B

D. D

C 0% D

Section 4

Section 4-End

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VS-End

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Figure 6

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LT 4

iron curtain

the political and military barrier that isolated Soviet-controlled countries of Eastern Europe after World War II Vocab1

containment

the policy or process of preventing the expansion of a hostile power Vocab2

airlift

a system of transporting food and supplies by aircraft into an area otherwise impossible to reach Vocab3

cold war

a struggle over political differences between nations carried on by methods short of war Vocab4

subversion

an attempt to overthrow a government by persons working secretly from within Vocab5

espionage

spying Vocab6

blacklist

list of persons who are disapproved of and are punished, such as by being refused jobs Vocab7

perjury

lying when one has sworn an oath to tell the truth Vocab8

censure

to express formal disapproval of some action Vocab9

cooperate

work together Vocab10

pose

to present Vocab11

inflation

a continuous rise in the price of goods and services Vocab12

closed shop

a workplace in which the employer, by agreement, hires only union members Vocab13

desegregate

to end the practice of separating or isolating people of different races Vocab14

stable

unchanging Vocab15

domestic

home-based, internal Vocab16

stalemate

a situation during a conflict when action stops because both sides are equally powerful and neither will give in Vocab17

demilitarized zone

a region where no military forces or weapons are permitted Vocab18

assure

to promise Vocab19

conclude

decide Vocab20

surplus

excess; amount left over after necessary expenses are paid Vocab21

arms race

the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to build more and more weapons in an effort to surpass the other’s military strength Vocab22

summit

a meeting of heads of government Vocab23

affluence

the state of having much wealth Vocab24

materialism

attaching too much importance to physical possessions and comforts Vocab25

nuclear

atomic Vocab26

economy

system of production, distribution, and consumption Vocab27

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