Chapter 17

WWII & Its Aftermath 1931-1955

Section 1: From Appeasement to War

• What events unfolded between Chamberlain’s declaration of “peace for our time” and the outbreak of a world war?

Aggression Goes Unchecked 1930s

• Mussolini, Hitler and leaders of Japan viewed desire for peace as weakness and responded with new acts of aggression • Japan  Manchuria & Eastern China • Italy  Ethiopia • Hitler  Goes against Treaty of Versailles • Spain  Civil War

APPEASMENT

• Giving into the demands of an aggressor to keep the peace

Reasons for Appeasement:

1. France demoralized and weak; could not take on Hitler without British support 2. British no desire to confront Hitler; believed terms of Treaty of Versailles were too harsh 3. Widespread

pacifism

: opposition to all war 4. Saw Hitler and fascism as the lesser of two evils! …Hitler vs. Soviet Communism

Neutrality Acts

US Foreign Policy (1930s) – Passed by Congress

1. Forbade the sale of weapons to any nation at war 2. No loans to warring nations 3. No Americans allowed on ships of warring nations

GOAL

: to prevent US from getting involved in another war!!!!!

Capital

AXIS POWERS

Rome Berlin Tokyo

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Country Italy Germany Japan Mussolini Hitler Tojo Leader They agreed to fight Soviet Communism & not interfere with one another’s plans for territorial expansion

• • •

Spanish Civil War

1936, a local struggle in Spain polarized public opinion throughout Europe. It started in 1931, when popular unrest against the old order forced the king to leave Spain.

Leftist demanded more radical reforms and the conservatives (backed by the military) rejected change.

FRANCISCO FRANCO

: CONSERVATIVE GENERAL LED A REVOLT THAT TOUCHED OFF A BLOODY CIVIL WAR.

LOYALIST

• Supporters of the republic

NATIONALIST

• Fascist right-winged supporters • Communists, Socialist, and those who wanted democracy • Soviet Union and Spanish Loyalist helped • FRANCISCO FRANCO • Hitler and Mussolini sent arms to help Franco • FRANCO triumphed in 1939.

German Aggression Continues

• Hitler continued to pursue his goal of bringing all German-speaking people into the Third Reich. He also took steps to gain living space for Germans in Eastern Europe.

German Aggression

March 1938 September 1938 March 1939 August1939 September 1939 Anschluss: Union of Austria & Germany Sudetenland Czechoslovakia Nazi-Soviet Pact Invasion of Poland

“Peace for our time”

• British Prime Minister: Neville Chamberlain • Munich Conference (Sep1938) British and French leaders chose appeasement • They caved in to Hitler’s demands and then persuaded Czechs to surrender Sudetenland • The

MUNICH PACT

was thought to have saved Europe from destruction

Nazi-Soviet Pact

• Germany & Soviet Union • This bound Hitler & Stalin to peaceful relations • Secretly, the two agreed not to fight if the other went to war and to divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe between them • The pact was based not on friendship or respect but on mutual need

Invasion of Poland

SEPTEMBER 1

ST

, 1939

• A week after the Nazi-Soviet Pact, German forces invade Poland • Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany

WWII BEGINS

Section 2: The Axis Advances

• Which regions were attacked and occupied by the Axis powers, and what was life like under their occupation?

• Diplomacy and compromise had not satisfied the Axis powers’ hunger for empire. Western democracies had hoped that appeasement would help establish a peaceful world order. But Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and imperial Japan plunged ahead with their plans for conquest!

September 1 st , 1939 German invasion of Poland. WWII Begins!

Blitzkrieg

“Lightning War”

Lightning War

- tactic of overwhelming the enemy force 1. German planes bomb all airfields, factories, and cities 2. Tanks and troop transports quickly move in to eliminate all other threats on the ground (soldiers/citizens)

Luftwaffe

• German Air force • They bombed: – Airfields – Factories – Cities

Poland Dismantled

• USSR took lands promised to them in the Nazi-Soviet Pact • The polish army fought back unsuccessfully • Within a month, Poland ceased to exist GERMANY attacked from the WEST USSR attacked from the EAST

The Spring Offensive

Hitler passed the winter (Dec 1939 Feb 1940) without further military action.

April 1940 - Hitler launched the blitzkrieg against Norway and Denmark, both quickly fell to the Germans.

- German troops then attacked the Netherlands and Belgium.

Miracle at Dunkirk

• France prepared for attack and hunkered down behind the Maginot Line • Great Britain sent troops to strengthen the French Lines • The Germans bypass the Maginot Line and pierce the French Lines • French & British begin retreating towards the English Channel

Miracle at Dunkirk

Retreating British forces were soon trapped between the advancing Nazis and the waters of the English Channel - The British sent all available naval vessels: merchant ships, fishing boats, and even passenger ships to pluck stranded troops off the beaches of Dunkirk.

- This "Armada" ferried more than 300,000 to safety in Britain.

troops

France falls to the Germans

" The German army attacked from the North and then marched South towards Paris.

- Italy declared war on France and attacked from the south.

- France quickly surrendered (June 22, 1940) - Germans occupied France and established a Puppet Government " with its capital in Vichy movement to fight the Germans at home .

.

- The French that escaped to Britain established their own government (in-exile) led by General Charles de Gaulle. They organized a French resistance

Operation Sea Lion

• The German plan for invading

Britain.

• With the fall of France in June 1940, Great Britain stood alone in Western Europe. • Hitler planned on Britain surrendering… • British Prime Minister –

Winston Churchill

– He rallied his citizens to FIGHT

The London Blitz

Aug. 1940 - German bombers begin a daily nation bombardment of England's Southern coast.

- The British Royal air force fought to protect the - The German air force changed their tactics and began to bomb civilian targets instead of military ones.

- bombed cities in and around London - Germans bombed London for 57 straight days 40,000 were killed and most of London was demolished

The Blitz fails

- the bombing had the reverse effect on British citizens - they became more determined to fight the Germans - Operation Sea Lion was canceled and Hitler set his eyes on a new target - the Soviet Union.

- This decision would ultimately cost German the war

Africa & the Balkans

• Axis Armies push into Northern Africa • Germany’s brilliant commander “The Desert Fox” – General Erwin Rommel • Under his command, the Germans force the British to retreat • By 1941, the Axis Powers controlled MOST of Western Europe!!!

Operation Barbarossa

• The German invasion of the Soviet Union • After the failure of Britain, Hitler turned his military might to a new target – the SOVIET UNION !

• 3 million German troops invade the Soviet Union • Stalin was caught off guard and was still hurting from the Great Purge .

• Soviets lost 2 ½ million soldiers trying to fend off the invaders • As the Soviets retreated, they destroyed factories and farm equipment, and burned crops to keep them out of enemy hands. This is known as scortched-earth policy.

Siege of Leningrad

• 1941, the 2 ½ year siege of Leningrad began • More than a million Leningraders died in the siege, BUT THE CITY DID

NOT

FALL TO THE GERMANS!

Hitler’s New Order

• Grew out of his racial obsession…belief in the “MASTER RACE” • The inferior races were shoved aside for more LIVING SPACE for the Germans, the strongest of the Aryans .

• Occupied lands were an economic resource • Concentration Camps & Death Camps

American Involvement Grows

• • When the war began, the US declared its neutrality • FDR found ways around the Neutrality Acts to provide aid and supplies to Britain

LEND-LEASE ACT

: allowed the US to sell or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.”

Japan

• From the late 1930s, Japan had been trying to conquer China • To stop Japanese Aggression,

the US banned the sale of war materials, such as iron, steel, and oil to Japan. THIS ANGERED JAPAN!

Pearl Harbor

•

December 7 th , 1941

• “A date which will live in infamy” – FDR • Japanese airplane bombed the American fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii • • The attack took the lives of 2,400 people and destroyed battleships and aircraft

It DIRECTLY brings the US into WWII

Japanese Internment

• As a result of Pearl Harbor, Japanese American and Japanese Canadians are placed in

Internment Camps

.

Section 3: The Allies Turn the Tide

• How did the Allies begin to push back the Axis powers?

Total War

•

When the nation devotes its entire resources to the war effort

.

Governments Begin to Increase Their Power

1. They directed economic resources into the war effort 2. Food rations 3. War bonds 4. Prices and wages regulated 5. Rights of citizens were limited 6. Press was censored 7. Propaganda to win public support 8. Japanese Internment Camps

“ Rosie the Riveter ”

• As men joined the military, millions of women around the world replaced them in essential war industry jobs.

– They built ships, planes and produced munitions – British and American women served in the armed forces in auxiliary roles: the drove ambulances, delivered airplanes, and decoded messages

Turning Point of the War

• • The years

1942-1943

marked the turning point of the war. The

Allies

won victories on four fronts- the Pacific, North Africa & Italy, the Soviet Union, and France- to push back the

Axis

tide.

FRONT: Where the fighting takes place

Battle of the Coral Sea

• First time in naval history that the enemy never saw each other. Attacks were carried out on

aircraft carriers

. Japanese suffered their first major setback.

Battle of Midway

• Fought entirely from the air!

• The battle was a devastating blow to the Japanese. • Japan was unable to launch any more offensive operations

Battle of El Alamein

• Allies were finally able to halt the “Desert Fox”

Sicily

• July 1943 Allied forces land in Sicily. Italian forces were defeated within a month. Mussolini was overthrown .

Stalingrad

• Major turning point in the Soviet Union • Germans were stalled outside of Moscow and Leningrad • One of costliest battles in the war • Stalin was determined to defend “his” city • German surrendered!

D-Day

•

June 6 th , 1944

• Allied invasion of France • Within a month, all of France was FREE • It was the largest amphibious (land & water) invasion in history • More than 156,000 Allied troops landed on the beaches of Normandy

The Big Three

• Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin • After the US entered the war, the Allied leaders met periodically to hammer out their strategy.

• In 1942, the “Big Three” agreed to focus on finishing the war in Europe before trying to end the war in Asia.

• The Allied

distrusted

on another. None of them wanted to risk the breakdown of their alliance, however.

Allies Continue to Advance

• For two years, Allied bombers bombarded German military bases, factories, railroad, oil depots, and cities. The goal of this type of bombing was

to cripple Germany’s industries and destroy the morale of its civilians.

Battle of the Bulge

• Last massive counterattack by the Germans • German defeat seemed inevitable

Yalta Conference

• At the Yalta Conference, the three leaders agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan within three months of Germany’s surrender. • In return, Churchill and FDR promised Stalin that he could take possession of several areas and that Germany would be divided into FOUR zones.

Section 4: Victory in Europe & the Pacific

• How did the Allies finally defeat the Axis powers?

Nazis Defeated

• By 1945, the Allies had crossed the Rhine into Western Germany. • From the east, Soviet troops closed in on Berlin.

• American & Russian soldiers met and shook hands. All over Europe, Axis armies began to surrender.

• In Italy, guerrillas captured and executed Mussolini .

• Hitler committed Suicide • May 7, 1945 Germany Surrendered

V-E Day

• May 8 th , 1945 

Victory in Europe

Why were the Allies able to defeat the Axis powers?

1. Location of Germany – they had to fight on several fronts simultaneously 2. Hitler made poor military decisions 3. He underestimated the army of the Soviet Union 4. The enormous productive capacity of the US 5. Allied bombing hindered German production 6. Oil was scarce for the Luftwaffe

Struggle for the Pacific

• Until mid-1942, the Japanese had won an uninterrupted series of victories.

• The Japanese controlled much of Southeast Asia and many Pacific islands.

• By 1942, the Japanese had gained control of the Philippines.

Bataan Death March

• By May 1942, Japanese soldiers killed several hundred American soldiers and as many as 10,000 Filipino soldiers as they were forced to march 65 miles.

“Island-Hopping”

• The Goal: to recapture some Japanese-held islands while bypassing others.

• The captured islands served as stepping stones to the next objective.

• The American forces were led by

General Douglas MacArthur.

• By 1944, US Allied forces gradually moved north to Japan.

Island Hopping with MacAurthor

Invasion VS Bomb

• The Japanese displayed they would fight to the death rather than surrender.

• Iwo Jima & Okinawa • Japanese men chose to become

Kamikaze

pilots  Suicide missions

Manhattan Project

• The race to harness the Atomic Bomb

Atomic Bomb

• Harry Truman had taken office after FDR died unexpectedly on April 12 th , 1945.

• He had the decision to invade and risk American lives or to drop the bomb.

• He decided to use the new weapon against Japan.

Hiroshima

• August 6, 1945  First bomb dropped • Instantly killed more than 70,000 people

Nagasaki

• August 9, 1945  on Nagasaki Second bomb dropped • More than 40,000 people killed instantly .

Japanese Surrender

• Finally on August 10, 1945, Emperor Hirohito forced the government to surrender.

• September 2, 1945, the formal peace treaty was signed on board the American battleship

Missouri.

Section 5: The End of World War II

• What issues arose in the aftermath of WWII and how did new tensions develop?

Chapter 17: Section 5 "From World War to Cold War"

Casualties of WWII United States Britain Soviet Union Germany 292,000 389,000 22 million (soldiers and civilians) 8 million (soldiers and civilians) Worldwide - 75 million died as result of WWII

War Crimes Trials

- Axis Leaders were tried for "crimes against humanity" - trials were death held in Nuremberg, Germany - 177 Germans tried/142 found guilty - a number or top Nazis were sentenced to - Rudolf Hess: Deputy to the Fuhrer and Nazi Party Leader - Hermann Goering - head of Luftwaffe (Air Force) President of Reichstag, Director of "Final solution"

Horrors of the Holocaust

Courtroom scene showing defendants in the Major War Criminals Trial

The United Nations

- The United Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945.

- Designed to be an international organization that ensures world peace .

The Security Council

(major force in the UN)

- made up of 5 permanent members - the US, Russia, Great Britain, France, and China - designed to ensure peace between major powers - The UN does much more than peacekeeping - They take on many of the world's problems: poverty, prevention of disease, improving education, etc.

The War Time Alliance Breaks Apart

- conflicting ideals and mutual distrust led to a break in the alliance between the US, Britain and the Soviet Union - a cold war soon develops

Cold War

- The political, military, and economic competition for global control between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991 - a state of political conflict using any means short of armed warfare

Europe, the focus of the Cold War

- Stalin wanted to control Eastern Europe and spread communism into the area - The Soviets already had soldiers in all nations to the east of Berlin, Germany - Stalin promised to allow "free elections" in these nations, but Churchill and Truman didn't trust him - by 1948 Stalin had installed pro-soviet governments across Europe - Churchill said the Soviets has put in place an " Iron Curtain " dividing Europe (democratic/communist)

Truman Doctrine

- 1947 President Truman announced a new policy to Congress - said the United States would "support any free people who were resisting outside pressures" - made it clear that America would resist Soviet expansion in Europe and elsewhere in the world

Containment

Idea of containing communism within its own boundaries as a way to reduce its influence.

- US policy from 1947 – 1980’s - "

Domino Theory

” : if we allowed one nation to fall to the Communist the rest of the world would do the same.

The Marshall Plan

- postwar Europeans faced poverty and hunger - to promote democracy the US offered a massive aid package, called the Marshall Plan - food and economic assistance were delivered to those countries seeking to rebuild - Billions of dollars poured into Europe - Stalin forbid Eastern European countries from accepting any aid from the US

Divisions in Germany

- Germany had been divided up after WWII

West Germany

- controlled by US, Britain, France - democratic government - allowed to rebuild

East Germany

- controlled by the Soviet Union - industries dismantled, prevented from rebuilding - communist government put in place - German capital of Berlin was in this sector of Germany

The Berlin Airlift

- Stalin tried to force the Allies out of Berlin by blockading every railroad and highway into the city from 1948 -1949 - Massive US airlifts keep the city and citizens alive by flying food and fuel into the city 24 hours a day for one year.

- Soviets eventually lifted the blockade

Military Alliances

- in 1949, the United States, Canada, and 9 Western European countries formed NATO - (NATO) North Atlantic Treaty Organization - members pledged to help one another if they were attacked

Warsaw Pact

- formed by the Soviet Union in 1955 - included USSR and 7 satellite countries

Arms Race

- each side in the Cold War armed itself to withstand an attack by the other.

- USSR built their first atom bomb in 1949 and the race was on to produce as many nuclear weapons as possible