Chapter 9: Development

The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Development

• The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology • More developed countries (MDCs) – AKA

developed countries

• Lesser developed countries (LDCs) – AKA

emerging

or

developing countries

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?

• Economic indicators of development – The Human Development Index (HDI) • Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development: – Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita – Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education – Demographic = (4) life expectancy © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Human Development Index

Figure 9-1 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?

• Economic indicators of development – Types of jobs • Primary sector • Secondary sector • Tertiary sector – Productivity • Measured by the

value added

per capita • MDCs are more productive than LDCs – Consumer goods © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons

Figure 9-4 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?

• Social indicators of development – Education and literacy • The literacy rate – Health and welfare • Diet (adequate calories) • Access to health care © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Students Per Teacher, Primary School

Figure 9-6 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?

• Demographic indicators of development – Life expectancy • Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s – Other demographic indicators: • Infant mortality • Natural increase • Crude birth rate © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?

• More developed regions – North America and Europe – Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand • Less developed regions – Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs – Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI – South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

More and Less Developed Regions

Figure 9-10 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?

• Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) – Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes – Four measures (similar to HDI): • Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes • Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males • Percent of literate females to literate males • Life expectancy of females to males © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Figure 9-17 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy Figure 9-21 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?

• Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) – Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics – Uses economic and political indicators: • Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes • Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women • Percentage of administrative jobs held by women • Percentage of women holding national office © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

Figure 9-22 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals Figure 9-23 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Progress Toward Development

Figure 9-26 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

• Development through self-sufficiency – Characteristics: • Pace of development = modest • Distribution of development = even • Barriers are established to protect local business – Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers • Two major problems with this approach: – Inefficient businesses are protected – A large bureaucracy is developed © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

• Development through international trade – Rostow’s model of development – Examples of international trade approach • The “four Asian dragons” • Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states – Three major problems: • Uneven resource distribution • Increased dependence on MDCs • Market decline © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

• International trade approach triumphs – The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century – Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development • Example: India – World Trade Organization – Foreign direct investment © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Triumph of International Trade Approach

Figure 9-27 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9-28

Foreign Direct Investment

Figure 9-30 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

• Financing development – LDCs require money to fund development – Two sources of funds: • Loans – The World Bank and the IMF – Structural adjustment programs • Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Debt as a Percentage of Income

Figure 9-31 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

• Fair trade approach – Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs – Two sets of standards • Fair trade producer standards • Fair trade worker standards – Producers and workers usually earn more – Consumers usually pay higher prices © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Core and Periphery Model

Figure 9-32 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The End.

Up next: Agriculture © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.